University Physics Volume 3
17th Edition
ISBN: 9781938168185
Author: William Moebs, Jeff Sanny
Publisher: OpenStax
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 85AP
A light ray of wavelength 461.9 nm emerges from a 2-mm circular aperture of a krypton ion laser. Due to diffraction, the beam expands as it moves out. How large is the central bright spot at (a) 1 m, (b) 1 km, (c) 1000 km, and (d) at the surface of the moon at a distance of 400,000 km from Earth.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
10 mW of light is incident on a piece of GaAs which is 0.2mm thick. The incident light is a mixture of 5mW at λ1=1.553μm and 5mW at λ2=0.828μm. A total of 7mW mixed light exits out of the GaAs. Assume no reflections at the air/GaAs interface and any light generated by recombination won’t exit the GaAs. What are the absorption coefficients, α, for two different wavelengths?
(a) A radio telescope has an angular resolution of 0.142° for incident radio waves of wavelength 2 3.43 mm. What is the minimum diameter (in m) required for the telescope's parabolic receiving dish?
m
What If? The 21.1 cm line, corresponding to emissions from hyperfine transitions in hydrogen, plays an important role in radio astronomy.
(b) What minimum diameter (in m) is required for a radio telescope's receiving dish if the telescope is to have an angular resolution of 0.142° for this wavelength?
m
(c) What would be the angular resolution (in degrees) of the telescope receiving dish from part (a) for the 21.1 cm line?
White light is incident normally on a diffraction grating with 300 lines/mm. The resulting diffraction is then focused via a lens of focal length f = +75 mm onto a sensor. The lens and sensor are aligned so that the first-order diffracted light at 550 nm is co-axial with the lens and focuses onto the centre of the sensor. The hydrogen atom can emit two spectral lines at wavelengths Hα = 656 nm and Hβ = 486 nm.Calculate the separation on the sensor between the first-order diffracted light of the latter two wavelengths.
Chapter 4 Solutions
University Physics Volume 3
Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding Suppose the slit width in...Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding For the experiment in...Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding For the experiment in...Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding If the line spacing of a...Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding What is the angular...Ch. 4 - Check Your Understanding For the experiment...Ch. 4 - As the width of the slit producing a single-slit...Ch. 4 - Compare interference and diffraction.Ch. 4 - If you and a friend are on opposite sides of a...Ch. 4 - What happens to the diffraction pattern of a...
Ch. 4 - In our study of diffraction by a single slit, we...Ch. 4 - A rectangular slit is twice as wide as it is high....Ch. 4 - In Equation 4.4, the parameter looks like an...Ch. 4 - Shown below is the central part of the...Ch. 4 - Is higher resolution obtained in a microscope with...Ch. 4 - The resolving power of refracting telescope...Ch. 4 - The distance between atoms in a molecule is about...Ch. 4 - A beam of light always spreads out. Why can a beam...Ch. 4 - Crystal lattices can be examined with X-rays but...Ch. 4 - How can you tell that a hologram is a true...Ch. 4 - If a hologram is recorded using monochromatic...Ch. 4 - What image will one see if a hologram is recorded...Ch. 4 - (a) At what angle is the first minimum for 550-nm...Ch. 4 - (a) Calculate the angle at which a 2.00-m-wide...Ch. 4 - (a) How wide is a single slit that produces its...Ch. 4 - (a) What is the width of a single slit that...Ch. 4 - Find the wavelength of light that has its third...Ch. 4 - (a) Sodium vapor light averaging 589 nm in...Ch. 4 - Consider a single-slit diffraction pattern for...Ch. 4 - (a) Find the angle between the first minima for...Ch. 4 - What is the minimum width of a single slit (in...Ch. 4 - (a) If a single slit produces a first minimum at...Ch. 4 - If the separation between the first and the second...Ch. 4 - A water break at the entrance to a harbor consists...Ch. 4 - An aircraft maintenance technician walks past a...Ch. 4 - A single slit of width 3.0 m is illuminated by a...Ch. 4 - A single slit of width 0.1 mm is illuminated by a...Ch. 4 - The width of the central peak in a single-slit...Ch. 4 - Consider the single-slit diffraction pattern for...Ch. 4 - Two slits of width 2 m, each in an opaque...Ch. 4 - A double slit produces a diffraction pattern that...Ch. 4 - For a double-slit configuration where the slit...Ch. 4 - Light of wavelength 500 nm falls normally on 50...Ch. 4 - A monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm...Ch. 4 - When a monochromatic light of wavelength 430 nm...Ch. 4 - Determine the intensities of two interference...Ch. 4 - A diffraction grating has 2000 lines per...Ch. 4 - Find the angle for the third-order maximum for...Ch. 4 - How many lines per centimeter are there on a...Ch. 4 - What is the distance between lines on a...Ch. 4 - Calculate the wavelength of light that has its...Ch. 4 - An electric current through hydrogen gas produces...Ch. 4 - (a) What do the four angles in the preceding...Ch. 4 - What is the spacing between structures in a...Ch. 4 - An opal such as that shown in Figure 4.15 acts...Ch. 4 - At what angle does a diffraction grating produce a...Ch. 4 - (a) Find the maximum number of lines per...Ch. 4 - (a) Show that a 30,000 line per centimeter grating...Ch. 4 - The analysis shown below also applies to...Ch. 4 - The 305-m-diameter Arecibo radio telescope...Ch. 4 - Assuming the angular resolution found for the...Ch. 4 - Diffraction spreading for a flashlight is...Ch. 4 - (a) What is the minimum angular spread of a 633-nm...Ch. 4 - A telescope can be used to enlarge the diameter of...Ch. 4 - The limit to the eye’s acuity is actually related...Ch. 4 - What is the minimum diameter mirror on a telescope...Ch. 4 - Find the radius of a star’s image on the retina of...Ch. 4 - (a) The dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon,...Ch. 4 - A spy satellite orbits Earth at a height of 180...Ch. 4 - What is the minimum angular separation of two...Ch. 4 - The headlights of a car are 1.3 m apart. What is...Ch. 4 - When dots are placed on a page from a laser...Ch. 4 - Suppose you are looking down at a highway from a...Ch. 4 - Can an astronaut orbiting Earth in a satellite at...Ch. 4 - The characters of a stadium scoreboard are formed...Ch. 4 - If a microscope can accept light from objects at...Ch. 4 - A camera uses a lens with aperture 2.0 cm. What is...Ch. 4 - X-rays of wavelength 0.103 nm reflects off a...Ch. 4 - A first-order Bragg reflection maximum is observed...Ch. 4 - An X-ray scattering experiment is performed on a...Ch. 4 - The structure of the NaCl crystal forms reflecting...Ch. 4 - On a certain crystal, a first-order X-ray...Ch. 4 - Calcite crystals contain scattering planes...Ch. 4 - The first-order Bragg angle for a certain crystal...Ch. 4 - White light falls on two narrow slits separated by...Ch. 4 - Microwaves of wavelength 10.0 mm fall normally on...Ch. 4 - Quasars, or quasi-stellar radio sources, are...Ch. 4 - Two slits each of width 1800 nm and separated by...Ch. 4 - A microwave of an unknown wavelength is incident...Ch. 4 - Red light (wavelength 632.8 nm in air) from a...Ch. 4 - A light ray of wavelength 461.9 nm emerges from a...Ch. 4 - How far apart must two objects be on the moon to...Ch. 4 - How far apart must two objects be on the moon to...Ch. 4 - A spy satellite is reputed to be able to resolve...Ch. 4 - Monochromatic light of wavelength 530 nm passes...Ch. 4 - A monochromatic light of unknown wavelength is...Ch. 4 - A source of light having two wavelengths 550 nm...Ch. 4 - A single slit of width 2100 nm is illuminated...Ch. 4 - A single slit of width 3.0 m is illuminated by a...Ch. 4 - A single slit of width 0.10 mm is illuminated by a...Ch. 4 - A diffraction grating produces a second maximum...Ch. 4 - A grating with 4000 lines per centimeter is used...Ch. 4 - A diffraction grating with 2000 lines per...Ch. 4 - For white light (400nm700nm) falling normally on a...Ch. 4 - How many complete orders of the visible spectrum...Ch. 4 - Two lamps producing light of wavelength 589 nm are...Ch. 4 - On a bright clear day, you are at the top of a...Ch. 4 - Radio telescopes are telescopes used for the...Ch. 4 - Calculate the wavelength of light that produces...Ch. 4 - (a) Find the angle of the third diffraction...Ch. 4 - As an example of diffraction by apertures of...Ch. 4 - What are the angular positions of the first and...Ch. 4 - How far would you place a screen from the slit of...Ch. 4 - How narrow is a slit that produces a diffraction...Ch. 4 - Suppose that the central peak of a single-slit...Ch. 4 - The central diffraction peak of the double-slit...Ch. 4 - Determine the intensities of three interference...Ch. 4 - The yellow light from a sodium vapor lamp seems to...Ch. 4 - Structures on a bird feather act like a reflection...Ch. 4 - If a diffraction grating produces a first-order...Ch. 4 - (a) What visible wavelength has its fourth-order...Ch. 4 - Consider a spectrometer based on a diffraction...Ch. 4 - An amateur astronomer wants to build a telescope...Ch. 4 - Blue light of wavelength 450 nm falls on a slit of...Ch. 4 - (a) Assume that the maxima are halfway between the...Ch. 4 - (a) By differentiating Equation 4.4, show that the...Ch. 4 - What is the maximum number of lines per centimeter...Ch. 4 - Show that a diffraction grating cannot produce a...Ch. 4 - A He-Ne laser beam is reflected from the surface...Ch. 4 - Objects viewed through a microscope are placed...
Additional Science Textbook Solutions
Find more solutions based on key concepts
(a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon? (b) On the surface of Mars? The mass of...
College Physics
The pV-diagram of the Carnot cycle.
Sears And Zemansky's University Physics With Modern Physics
A voltage occurs across an open switch. What is the power dissipated by the open switch?
University Physics Volume 2
2. (a) The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of the trace metal magnesium is 410 mg/day for males. Express this...
College Physics (10th Edition)
21. Two -diameter aluminum electrodes are spaced apart.
The electrodes are connected to a battery.
...
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics (4th Edition)
The proton is a composite particle composed of three quarks, all of which are either up quarks (u; charge +23e)...
Essential University Physics: Volume 2 (3rd Edition)
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Q. 1. Light with an energy flux of 20 W/cm2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. If the surface has an area of 30 cm², the total momentum delivered (for complete absorption) during 30 minutes is: (a) 36 x 10-5 kg m/s. (c) 108 x 104 kg m/s. (b) 36 x 104 kg m/s. (d) 1.08 x 107 kg m/s.arrow_forwardA star is located 4.2441 ly away. There is a planet orbiting this star with an orbital radius of 0.0485 AU (AU stands for astronomical unit - the average distance between Earth & the Sun). Fill in the table by determining the minimum diameter the objective of a telescope would need to be in order to resolve the planet from the star at the stated wavelengths. 1 ly = 9.461 × 1015 m & 1 AU = 1.496 × 1011 m. ?(nm) 200 400 600 800 1000 minimum diameter of objective(m) ? ? ? ? ?arrow_forward10 mW of light is incident on a piece of GaAs which is 0.2mm thick. The incident light is a mixture of 5mW at A1=1.553µm and 5mW at 12=0.828um. A total of 7mW mixed light exits out of the GaAs. Assume no reflections at the air/GaAs interface and any light generated by recombination won't exit the GaAs. What are the absorption coefficients, a, for two different wavelengths?arrow_forward
- Telescopes are an essential tool for astronomers to study the universe. You plan to build your own telescope that can resolve the Great Red Spot on the surface of Jupiter at a wavelength of 600 nm. The farthest distance between the Earth and Jupiter is 968 x 10° km and the Great Red Spot has currently a diameter of 16,500 km. (a) Use the Rayleigh criterion to determine the diameter of the lens' aperture of your telescope that is needed to resolve the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. Impacts have formed many craters on the Moon's surface. You would like to study some of the craters with your new telescope. The distance between Moon and Earth is 384,400 km. (b) What is the smallest possible size of the craters that your telescope can resolve?arrow_forwardThe Great Wall of China is an enormous structure, its width approaching 7.0 m at the widest point. Some people claim that it ispossible to identify the separate sides of the Great Wall from theMoon with the unaided eye. Evaluate this claim in the following way:Assume that green light (λ vac = 555 nm) reflects from the Great Walland enters the eye of an astronaut (D = 2.5 mm, n = 1.36).Determine the maximum distance this astronaut could be from Earthand still resolve the two sides at their widest point. Compare thismaximum distance to the distance between Earth and Moon (3.85x10 8 m).arrow_forwardSound waves diffract or bend around the edges of a doorway. Larger wavelengths diffract more than smaller wavelengths. (a) The speed of sound is 343 m/s. With what speed would a 57.0 kg person have to move through a doorway to diffract to the same extent as a 146 Hz bass tone? (b) At the speed calculated in part (a), how long in years (365.25 days) would it take the person to move a distance of one meter?arrow_forward
- The absorption cross section for fluorescein, a dye that is used as a fluorescent probe for biological imaging (see the Chapter Opener image), is 9.25 × 10-16 cm2 molecule-1 at 500 nm. How much light is transmitted through a 1-cm path length by a standard 10-6 M solution of fluoresceinused to label biological samples?arrow_forwardA beam splitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light - half of the incident light is transmitted through the beam splitter, and half is reflected. Supposed we could make a beam splitter that reflects only 35% and transmits the other 65% (rather than 50/50). A beam of laser light with wavelength 656 nm is incident on our imaginary 35/65 beam splitter, at an angle of 45°. The beam pulse lasts 1.50 ms, and has a diameter of 0.60 mm. The intensity of the transmitted beam is 3.25 kW/m2. Draw a clear physics diagram of the problem. What is the energy of a photon from this laser? Find the peak Electric field of the reflected beam. Find the peak Magnetic field of the incident beam. What color is the laser beam? What momentum is transferred to the beam splitter by the laser pulse?arrow_forwardin the Cauchy equation if A=1.614 and B=0.0296µm^2 and wavelength is 549.5nm, the index of refraction n equal to . 1.687 O 1.645 1.598 O 1.712arrow_forward
- You're inside a metal building that blocks radio waves, but you're trying to make a call with your cell phone, which broadcasts at a frequency of 950 MHz. Down the hall from you is a narrow win- dow measuring 35 cm wide. What's the horizontal angular width of the beam (i.e., the angle between the first minima) from your phone as it emerges from the window?arrow_forwardNuclear-pumped x-ray lasers are seen as a possible weapon to destroy ICBM booster rockets at ranges up to 2000 km. One limitation on such a device is the spreading of the beam due to diffraction, with resulting dilution of beam intensity. Consider such a laser operating at a wavelength of 1.40 nm. The element that emits light is the end of a wire with diameter 0.200 mm. (a) Calculate the diameter of the central beam at a target 2000 km away from the beam source. (b) What is the ratio of the beam intensity at the target to that at the end of the wire? (The laser is fired from space, so neglect any atmospheric absorption.)arrow_forwardThe radar system of a navy cruiser transmits at a wavelength of 1.6 cm, from a circular antenna with a diameter of 2.3 m. At a range of 6.2 km, what is the smallest distance that two speedboats can be from each other and still be resolved as two separate objects by the radar system?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based TextPhysicsISBN:9781133104261Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage Learning
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Physics
ISBN:9781133104261
Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Convex and Concave Lenses; Author: Manocha Academy;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY