Why are host cell antiviral responses that target double-stranded RNA effective against single- stranded RNA viruses like influenza or coronaviruses? Would a system that responds to the presence of double-stranded RNA be effective against retroviruses? Explain.
Q: What is the position and orientation of TAR important for HIV-1 transcription?
A: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - 1 proviral DNA transcription is done by Pol II of the host. It…
Q: Why did RNA silencing develop?
A: RNA silencing or RNA interference is a process of post-transcriptional gene regulation. It is a…
Q: What is a retrovirus and how does information flow for a retrovirus differ from that for the…
A: A virus is a microscopic parasite that can replicate and reproduce only inside living cells. The…
Q: Why is the adenovirus terminal protein essential for replicatingits genome?
A: Adenovirus is a DNA virus and contains a double-stranded DNA as its genome.
Q: What is the significance of negative strand synthesis of positive a ssRNA virus? a. Loss of…
A: Viruses can have DNA or RNA as genetic material. A positive-strand single-stranded RNA virus has the…
Q: Why is a host-cell tRNA needed for reverse transcription?
A: Reverse transcription is a process used by retroviruses(RNA viruses) which encodes its RNA genome…
Q: How might the virus target host-cell Z-DNA formation to block the synthesis of antiviral proteins?
A: Antiviral proteins are proteins formed by animal or human cells that are responsible for the…
Q: Describe the life cycle of influenza virus. What function do the neuraminidase and haemagglutinin…
A: Introduction Influenza is a virus that affects our respiratory system, which includes our nose,…
Q: Most humans are not easily infected by avian influenza. How, then, do DNA sequences from avian…
A: Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material of most organisms that carry coded genetic…
Q: What is a transposon? Write a brief description of Tn5
A: TRANSPOSONS: It is a repetitive DNA sequence found in many multicellular organisms' genome(mainly in…
Q: Cells produce mRNA by transcription of their DNA genomes. In contrast, single-stranded RNA genome…
A: As per the guidelines, we are supposed to answer only one question. Kindly repost the other question…
Q: given below is a small slice of a large sequence of protein taken from ORF1a polyprotein of Severe…
A: An open reading frame is a stretch of an oligonucleotide that can be translated into a protein…
Q: What mechanism of antibiotic resistance does the NDM gene code for?
A: Antibiotic Resistance is the phenomenon by which any bacteria can survive in the presence of…
Q: Within the long-terminal repeat in the retrovirus genome is a PBS. If the PBS was mutated such that…
A: Retroviruses is a virus that uses RNA as its genetic material. The life cycle of retrovirus contain…
Q: What is the function of the Matrix protein during rabies virus pathogenesis?
A: Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that is responsible for causing rabies disease in humans as well…
Q: Why are single-stranded binding (SSB) proteins required?
A: SSBs are nucleoproteins that can be found in bacteria, bacteria, and animals. When opposed to…
Q: Describe the process of reverse transcription of HIV RNA.
A: In the process of reverse transcription a complementary DNA (cDNA) is generated from an RNA…
Q: The RNA genomes of some RNA viruses resemble the messenger RNA (mRNA) of their eukaryotic hosts.…
A: Answer- There are many viruses that have RNA as a genome called retro viruses. Their genome can be…
Q: A lytic bacteriophage produces Lysozyme and Holin, which causes a host cell to lyse. At which point…
A: Bacteriophage A bacteriophage is described as a bacteria-infected by a virus (bacteria + phage or…
Q: What is the exact role of each specific viral protein? Explain
A: Norovirus is a contagious virus that is responsible for inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract…
Q: Why are proteins synthesized from Spirulina called Single celled Proteins? What is the significance…
A: Single-cell proteins are the proteins that are edible and are derived from single-celled organisms.…
Q: Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific…
A: Virus can be referred to as a genetic material enveloped by a protein coat that can infect and…
Q: Rabies virus and poliovirus both have singlestranded RNA genomes, but only in poliovirus can…
A: Poliovirus has RNA based genome with single stranded positive sense RNA with 7.5 kb long. Poliovirus…
Q: how do DNA analogs act to inhibit replication of an RNA virus
A: Step 1 Nucleoside analogs are nucleoside that contains a nucleic acid analog as well as sugar,…
Q: One of the key biological characteristics of SARS-COV-2, as well as several other viruses, is the…
A: SARS-CoV-2 uses several members of Protein as active antigens. One of the most important is the…
Q: What changes can be made to an mRNA transcript to be used in a vaccine in order to change its…
A: mRNA is basically composed of protein encoding ORF, surrounded by 5′ and 3′ UTRs, and a 7-methyl…
Q: Which two proteins make regulatory switches in viruses?
A: There are two basic components of genetic switches. These are gene regulatory proteins and specific…
Q: What is the Structure of the influenza A virus subtype H1N1 and what is incubation period of it ?
A: The influenza A virus subtype H1N1 was responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak. This outbreak…
Q: Where did the 5' 7-methyl-guanosine caps present on influenza virus messenger RNA (MRNA) transcripts…
A: INTRODUCTION After the invention of the cap structure in several virus mRNAs by us et al. , studies…
Q: How does a short hairpin RNA( shRNA) against the U5 region of HIV-1 inhibit HIV-1 replication?
A: HIV is a retrovirus with RNA as the genetic material. The virus infects the T helper cells and…
Q: What structures on bacterial host cells serve to allow bacteriophage to recognize them? What…
A: Bacteriophage is a type of virus that is composed of a head and tail. The head part contains a…
Q: Why is the detection of viral RNA not equivalent to a high risk transmission method?
A: The detection of the viral RNA, detection of infectious virus and equivalent transmission risk are…
Q: What is the difference between the native and pathogenic formsof the prion protein?
A: pls refere below for the solution :
Q: Name a nucleoside analog. Explain how that nucleoside analog works. Which viruses are effectively…
A: Nucleoside analogues are nucleosides that contain a sugar and a nucleic acid counterpart. Nucleoside…
Q: Unlike some positive (+) strand RNA viruses, what must all negative (-) strand RNA viruses…
A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is composed of…
Q: If a virus has a negative-sense RNA genome, what enzymatic activity (if any) will be found as part…
A: The main strategy of virus having a negative-sense RNA genome is to synthesize positive sense RNA .…
Q: What type of DNA changes are there for c.316-106C>G mutation. Is it pathogenic?
A: This is showing a type of mutation in which cytosine has been converted into guanine. Cytosine is a…
Q: What kinds of enzymes can be found within the virions of RNAviruses? Why are they there?
A: Viruses are mostly pathogenic forms which neither considered to be living or non-living outside the…
Q: Compare and contrast how Poliovirus and HIV can enter the host cell and describe how translation is…
A: Viruses are minute particles that are made up of only their genetic material which may be DNA or RNA…
Q: You were able to obtain the RNA of the influenza virus. If you injected this into a susceptible host…
A: Virus have two types of life cycle in host cells . The lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle .
Q: What evolutionary advantage would a retrovirus gain by having the ability to regulate the sites of…
A: Retrovirus is a virus, which carries ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material, along with…
Q: A cell is infected with an HIV mutant that results in very little virus being released into the…
A: Introduction:- HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus) is an RNA virus that target's mainly the helper T…
Q: Does a dsRNA virus need to undergo transcription before it can begin the process of translation to…
A: Transcription factors are small molecules that help in transcription. A gene expression can be…
Q: From the perspective of a bacteriophage, what is the advantage of being able to follow either a…
A: Bacteriophage :A type of virus which infects and replicates inside bacteria. These are composed of…
Q: Identify the numbered steps of this viral life cycle/replication cycle depicted here
A: The lysogenic and lytic cycles are the two stages of viral replication. Bacteriophages T4 Phage may…
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- A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X that degrades a subunit of the elF4F complex. Knowing that this virus transcribes its own mRNAs in the cytoplasm of human cells, why would Protein X be an effective virulence factor?QUESTION 14 What if you designed a CRISPR/cas9 assay for a gene knockout, but there's no PAM sequence immediately downstream of your target site. What happens? O It's fine because you put the PAM sequence in your guide RNA O PAM sequences only apply to real viral infections, not CRISPR assays. O The Cas9 nuclease won't cut at the target site O The guide RNA won't be complementary to the target O They'll be more off target effects but it'll still work.QUESTION 7 After you graduate, you are working at a laboratory that identifies a novel protein called Leprechaun. To determine in which organelles Leprechaun is found, you decide to express the Leprechaun gene in HeLa cells using a plasmid. Since you have generated an antibody that recognizes an epitope within the Leprechaun protein, which technique will you use to identify its localization within the HeLa cells? OA. SDS-PAGE O B. Immunocytochemistry O C. Western blot OD. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) OE. Immunohistochemistry QUESTION 8 Which of the following statements regarding electron microscopy is TRUE? OA. White light is utilized to illuminate the sample for imaging in all types of electron microscopy. OB. Electrons pass through the object being examined in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). OC. In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electrons, electrons bounce off the surface of the sample. OD. Electron microscopy can be used to view structures as small as 2 nm in…
- Question (1)-Describe the three different methods of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria and mention their significance. Be specific when discussing the donor versus recipient cell, and if the donor and recipient cells are still alive after each horizontal gene transfer event is complete. *Please go into detail if possible on what the donor and recipient cells if they are still alive also after each gene transfer. I have a test coming up that I’m trying to learn all I can about this. Thank you so much!*QUESTION 12 Which of the following is NOT a step in the formation of LTRS? O A. Binding of a tRNA primer to the primer binding site sequences on the retroviral RNA genome O B. Synthesis of a DNA segment starting from a primer hybridized to the RNA poylpurine tract by DNA polymerase O C.A jump in which an R segment (DNA) hybridizes to an (RNA) R segment on the 3¹ end of the retroviral RNA genome O D. Degradation of an RNA strand by RNase H that stops at the primer binding site O E. Circularization by annealing of the single-stranded primer binding sites (PBS) to one anotherThe haemoglobin proteins of RNA polymerase ii sub units RPB1-P24928 RPB2-P30876 RPB3-P19387 RPB4-015514 are they similar? Explain?
- Researchers have been determining the nucleotide sequences of variant forms of SARS-CoV-2, looking for versions of the virus that might be more easily transmitted between humans or that might be more deadly. (a) For example, one mutation in a viral gene changed a GAU codon to a GGU codon. How does this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (b) In another variant form of the virus, a gene is missing six consecutive nucleotides. How would this change affect the sequence of the polypeptide encoded by that gene? (c) In another coronavirus variant, the spike protein (the prominent protein on the surface of the virus) contains a histidine residue where an aspartate (aspartic acid) residue should be. Describe a point mutation in the coronavirus genome that could have caused this change in the spike protein.Question 9 Which type of virus must contain an RNA replicase packaged in the viral particle in order to carry out its replicative cycle? O A dsDNA virus O A(-) SSRNA virus O A retrovirus (reverse transcribing virus) O A (+) SSDNA virus Question 10 Which of the following antibiotic resistance mechanisms is most well known as a significant problem because of its ability to work against many types of antibiotics? O Degrading the antibiotic O Altering the molecular target of the antibiotic O Transporting the antibiotic out of the cell O Antibiotic alterationQuestion 2. Retroviruses are used in gene therapy. The goal of gene therapy is to insert in the patient genome a copy of a functional gene that is defective in the patient. Since Retroviruses integrates their genome into the host genome they are ideal gene therapy delivery systems. What would be a potential risk of this type of treatment? The individual treated could be more susceptible to infection by other retroviruses Insertion of the retroviral genome into the host genome can cause dangerous mutations. There are not recognized risks with this gene therapy approach. Genes from the host can be inserted into the retroviruses and laterally moved to other cells.
- Question 7 Referring to the plasmid below, if a recombinant plasmid were obtained by inserting DNA into the EcoRv site, and the protein corresponding to the recombinant gene were expressed, which of the following statements would be false? Aval Sall A The plasmid will be resistant to tetracycline. B) The protein is not likely to be biologically active without some further treatment. C) The plasmid will be resistant to ampicillin. (D) The plasmid will not be able to replicate autonomously. Pul- Poul- ampr III EcoRI EcoRV BamHI pBR322 (4363 bases) -Poudl lettQuestion 24 In prokaryotes, the sigma factor recognizes base sequences in the which facilitates RNA polymerase binding and initiates RNA synthesis. A) enhancer B) regulatory sequence c) promoter D) operatorDrug 1-Ivacaftor (VX-770): Ivacaftor is a potentiator that increases CFTR channel opening time. We know from cell culture studies that this increases chloride transport by as much as 50% from baseline and restores it closer to what would be expected in wild type CFTR. Basically, the drug increases CFTR activity by unlocking the gate that allows for the normal flow of salt and fluids. For which class of mutations do you think Ivacaftor will be most effective? Explain your choice.