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- The first phase in the multiplication of Bacteriophages is Release O Maturation O Biosynthesis O Attachment O PenetrationBeing composed of molecules identical to certain ones already present in a host, the bacterial capsule allows it to... O induce an inflammatory immune response in the host Oresist engulfment by immune cells when they are activated distribute antibiotic resistence plasmids en mass Obe overlooked by immune cells and considered a native component of the hostIf a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present in a cultureof bacteria and, upon lysis, yields 200 viable viruses, howmany phages will exist in a single plaque if three more lytic cyclesoccur?
- Viruses replicate their genomes in the nucleus ofthe host cell. Explain why or why not.Viruses are also a type of microbe, yet theyare not cells. Viruses consist of a moleculeof nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded byprotein. They must enter other organisms’cells and use their molecules and machineryto replicate themselves. Why aren’t antibioticsprescribed for viral infections?Explain a method by which an antiviral drug could interfere withthe replication cycle of a virus.
- There have been recurring cases of mad-cow disease in the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s. Mad-cow disease is caused by a prion, an infectious particle that consists only of protein. In 1986, the media began reporting that cows all over England were dying from a mysterious disease. Initially, there was little interest in determining whether humans could be affected. For 10 years, the British government maintained that this unusual disease could not be transmitted to humans. However, in March 1996, the government did an about-face and announced that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly known as mad-cow disease, can be transmitted to humans, where it is known as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (VCJD). As in cows, this disease eats away at the nervous system, destroying the brain and essentially turning it into a spongelike structure filled with holes. Victims experience dementia; confusion; loss of speech, sight, and hearing; convulsions; coma; and finally death. Prion diseases are always fatal, and there is no treatment. Precautionary measures taken in Britain to prevent this disease in humans may have begun too late. Many of the victims contracted it over a decade earlier, when the BSE epidemic began, and the incubation period is long (VCJD has an incubation period of 10 to 40 years). A recent study concluded that 1 in 2,000 people in Great Britain carry the abnormally folded protein that causes VCJD. In spite of these numbers, the death rate from VCJD remains low. It is not clear whether this means that the incubation period for the disease is much longer than previously thought, or whether they may never develop the disease. How can a prion replicate itself without genetic material?Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Thisantibiotic is added to a bacterial culture in which a specific proteinis being monitored. Compared to a control culture, into which noantibiotic is added, translation of the protein declines over a periodof 20 minutes, until no further protein is made. Explain theseresults."Influenza virus uses______ which is found in the envelope spikes, to adhere to the host cell"
- The lipid content of an enveloped virus is produced from freely available lipids O viral made membrane O host mernbrane O viruses do not use membranes O self-replicating membrane from the virusDescribe several cytopathic effects of viruses. What causes thechanged appearance of the host cell, and how might it be used todiagnose viral infections?A 4-month-old infant had been running a moderate fever for36 hours, and a nervous mother made a call to her pediatrician.Examination and tests revealed no outward signsof infection or cause of the fever. The anxious mother wanteda prescription for antibiotics, but the pediatrician recommendedwatching the infant for two days before making a decision. Heexplained that decades of rampant use of antibiotics in medicineand agriculture has caused a global surge in antibiotic-resistantbacteria, drastically reducing the effectiveness of antibiotic therapyfor infections. He pointed out that bacteria can exchange antibioticresistance traits and that many pathogenic strains are nowresistant to several antibiotics. The mother was not placatedbythese explanations and insisted that her baby receive antibioticsimmediately. This situation raises several issues. If the infant was given antibiotics, how might this have contributed to the production of resistant bacteria?