(a)
Interpretation:
The number of transition states present in acid catalyzed reaction of
Concept introduction:
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Rate determining step: In a
Activation energy: It is defined as the minimum energy required by the reacting species in order to undergo chemical reaction.
Intermediate species: It is the species formed during the middle of the chemical reaction between the reactant and the desired product.
Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.
Rate constant: The rate constant for a chemical reaction is the proportionality term in the chemical
(b)
Interpretation:
The number of intermediate present in the given reaction has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Rate determining step: In a chemical reaction the rate determining step is the slowest step in which the rate of the reaction depends on the rate of that slowest step.
Activation energy: It is defined as the minimum energy required by the reacting species in order to undergo chemical reaction.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Intermediate species: It is the species formed during the middle of the chemical reaction between the reactant and the desired product.
Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.
(c)
Interpretation:
The step with smallest rate constant has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Rate determining step: In a chemical reaction the rate determining step is the slowest step in which the rate of the reaction depends on the rate of that slowest step.
Activation energy: It is defined as the minimum energy required by the reacting species in order to undergo chemical reaction.
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Intermediate species: It is the species formed during the middle of the chemical reaction between the reactant and the desired product.
Transition State: The state which defines the highest potential energy with respect to reaction co-ordinate between reactant and product. It is usually denoted by using the symbol ‘≠’.
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Essential Organic Chemistry (3rd Edition)
- Consider a chemical reaction between compound A and compound B. The reaction proceeds via a multi-step mechanism involving several intermediates and transition states. The overall reaction is exothermic, but one of the intermediate steps is endothermic. Explain how the endothermic intermediate step can still be consistent with the overall exothermic nature of the reaction.arrow_forwardWhat is the effect of halving the amount of ethanol for this reaction? Br OH heat the reaction rate decreases by half the reaction rate stays the same А. В. C. the reaction rate doubles D. the reaction rate quadruples A Darrow_forwardUse the energy diagram for the reaction A D to answer the questions. How many transition states are there in the reaction? transition states: How many intermediates are there in the reaction? D Reaction progress intermediates: Which step of the reaction is the fastest? Which step of the reaction has the smallest rate constant? Assume the frequency factor (A) is the same for for each elementary reaction. Is the overall reaction exothermic or endothermic? O exothermic O cannot determine from the diagram O endothermic Potential energyarrow_forward
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- The kinetics of a reaction are observed to be third-order. The least likely mechanism a. involves three molecules reacting together in a single step. b. involves a fast step followed by a slow step. c. involves more than one intermediate. d. involves a single intermediate.arrow_forwardConsider the following energy diagram. a.How many steps are involved in this reaction? b. Label ΔHo and Ea for each step, and label ΔHooverall. c.Label each transition state. d.Which point on the graph corresponds to a reactive intermediate? e.Which step is rate-determining? f. Is the overall reaction endothermic or exothermic?arrow_forwardProducts Reactants Extent of reaction Which letter shows the catalyized reaction? B. both DOOarrow_forward
- Use the energy diagram for the reaction A⟶D to answer the questions. How many transition states are there in the reaction? transition states: How many intermediates are there in the reaction? intermediates: Which step of the reaction is the fastest? Which step of the reaction has the smallest rate constant? Assume the frequency factor (?) is the same for each elementary reaction. Is the overall reaction exothermic or endothermic? A.cannot determine from the diagram B. exothermic C. endothermicarrow_forwardDraw the organic products K and L and classify the chemical transformations reactionsarrow_forwardDraw a reaction coordinate diagram for the following reaction in which C is the most stable and B the least stable of the three species and the transition state going from A to B is more stable than the transition state going from B to C:a.How many intermediates are there? b. How many transition states are there? c. Which step has the greater rate constant in the forward direction? d. Which step has the greater rate constant in the reverse direction? e. Of the four steps, which has the greatest rate constant? f. Which is the rate-determining step in the forward direction? g. Which is the rate-determining step in the reverse direction?arrow_forward
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