To review:
The evidence related to the difference in gut bacteria in children born by Ceasarean delivery (surgical C-section i.e. without passing through the birth canal) compare to the children born by normal vaginal delivery. Whether C-section delivery makes the children more prone to some diseases comare to the children by vaginal delivery.
Introduction:
There is a dramatic change in gut bacteria during human pregnency which help a pregnant woman to adapt under the stress condition related to carrying a fetus. The microbial community plays an important role in performing specific functions. The intestinal microbiota is essential for the development of the immune system and possible pathogenesis of several allergic and autoimmune diseases. The infants born vaginally are exposed to a group of beneficial microorganism known as microbiota, when passes through the birth canal. This exposure of the baby to the mother's vaginal microbes passes the mother's flora to the baby which is important in the post natal development of the immune system of the baby.
Explanation of Solution
Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract and the mucosal immune system are related to each other. The early development of the intestinal microbiota in relation to the developing immune system and the early influence of caesarean versus vaginal delivery (VD) is a matter of concern always, as infants after a caesarean delivery, have been associated with increased risks of asthma, allergies, obesity, and immune deficiencies. In the process of C-section infant won't come into contact with maternal vaginal fluid or microflora, instead exposed with skin microbes which are a very different set of bacterial species. Nevertheless, there is a number of evidence which shows that intestinal bacteria play an important role in the postnatal development of the immune system. This intestinal flora development varies based on the mode of delivery. The available epidemiological data indicates that atopic diseases appear more often in infants born after caesarean delivery than after vaginal delivery. The exposure during the vaginal delivery makes the infant's more access to the mother's microbiota, which enters in the intestine during the travel of baby through the birth canal.
Malamitsi-Puchner et al. proposed that only vaginal delivery promotes the production of several cytokines implicated in neonatal immunity. Hallstrom et al. found a connection between caesarean delivery, disturbed intestinal colonization and probable occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. Several other epidemiological data demonstrates that caesarean delivery imparts an increased risk for allergic diseases in later childhood.
Thus it is concluded that a number of evidence supports the fact related to the difference in gut bacteria in children born by Ceasarean delivery compare to the children born by normal vaginal delivery. C-section delivery makes the children more prone to some diseases like asthma, allergies, obesity, and immune deficiencies comare to the children born by vaginal delivery.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 25 Solutions
Developmental Biology
- Pi Name PRE-LAB 13 this page for Additional Information EADE ▪ https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e Chapter 27: Introduction to Animal Diversity Chapter 28: Invertebrates Chapter 29: Vertebrates Part A: Biodiversity III: Diversity of Animals Answer the following questions. 1 What are the key features of animals? https://www.thoughtco.com/the-main-animal-characteristics-4086505 a. b. C. 2 What two animal phyla have true radial symmetry? 3 What are the two major groups of animals in Bilateria (with bilateral symmetry)? 4 What are the three tissue layers in animals with bilateral symmetry? 5 What are the two distinct clades of protostomes? 6 What are the two phyla of deuterostomes? losinebt 0a 159 Ho coearrow_forwardPRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What does the term allele mean? 2. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? 3. Given that an individual has a dominant phenotype, is it possible to determine its genotype? Why or why not? 4. Why do diploid cells generally have two copies of each gene? © 2016 blu edoor, LLC (UH005) 129arrow_forwardplease help 2 questions 1) how can you tell the difference between male and female fruit fly? 2) what mutation is sex linked?arrow_forward
- Need help on questions 3 and 4, please. Drop-down answer choices are images. Canine Scott Syndrome (CSS) is caused by a mutation in the splicing consensus motif in the TMEM16F gene. This mutation causes abnormal bleeding in the affected dogs. iii) What does the mutation do to the TMEM16F protein? iv) What does the wild-type TMEM16F enzyme do that is required to stop bleeding?arrow_forward! Required information 30s MENINGES Within the skull and vertebral column, the brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of connective tissue collectively called meninges. From superficial to deep, the meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. 0:00 / 1:39 Which meningeal layer follows the surface contours of the brain and spinal cord? Multiple Choice Arachnoid mater Pia mater Meningeal layer of dura mater 1x Periosteal layer of dura mater Carrow_forwardQuestions (Total word requirement: ~250-350 words) 1. How does a normal cell become a cancerous cell? What has to happen to it? 2. Do mutations that cause cancer in an individual pass down to the person's offspring? Explain and give examples. 3. The video in the Module 3 Mastering Bio: Cancer Discussion Background focuses on the telomerase enzyme role in cancer development. Explain the connection between telomerase activity and cancer. 4. Which component of cell division machinery is frequently targeted by anti-cancer drugs? Can you explain the common side-effects of chemotherapy (e.g. hair loss, mucositis) based on this information?arrow_forward
- Questions for Further Study1. Why is it important to anticipate the needs of the patient and surgical team members?2. What are the procedures for correct counting of instruments and sponges?3. What steps must be taken if any part of the count is incorrect?4. Describe the OR cycle and explain how the surgical technologist participates in the OR cycle.5. What corrective options are available to the surgical team members when a breach in sterile technique occurs?arrow_forwardTASK No 2 A patient, 40 years old, complains of weakness, fatigue, abundant menstruation. Upon examination, the uterine myoma was found. The patient is hospitalized. Questions: 1) What kind of tumors does myoma belong to? 2) What does atypism mean? 3) What are the typical characteristics of tumor that was found in the patient? 4) What kind of atypical structure is typical for uterine fibroids? Describe it. 5) Describe the atypism of tumor metabolism. 6) What does it mean: the phenomenon of tumor progression? 7) What are the methods of tumors treatment?arrow_forwardPart 1: Post-Lab Questions 1. Set up and complete Punnett squares for these crosses (remember Y = yellow, y = blue): a. YY and Yy b. YY and yy 2. Answer these questions: a. What are the resulting phenotypes? b. Are there any blue kernels? C. How can you tell whether or not there are blue kernels? 3. Set up and complete a Punnett square for a cross of two of the F1 from Step 1 (above). 4. Answer these questions: a. What are the genotypes of the F2 generation? b. What are their phenotypes? C. Are there more or fewer blue kernels than in the F1 generation? 5. Identify the four possible gametes produced by the following individuals (Y = yellow, y = blue, S = smooth, s = wrinkled): a. YY Ss: © eScience Labs, 2018arrow_forward
- POST-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the difference between a homozygous individual and a heterozygous individual? 2. What conclusion about your genotype would you make if one of your siblings, but neither one of your parents, exhibited a recessive phenotype? Moterials 3. What is the difference between a Punnett square and a pedigree? What is each one used for? Human Genetics and Pedigree Analy sis 153 11-3-9arrow_forwardActivity 3: Short Essay Directions: Choose two questions to answer. You may use a separate sheet to complete the task. 1. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a soluble vitamin in the human body. Justify your answer. 2. Why can termites eat wood barks and other thick and hard parts of plants? Explain your answer. 3. Is using steroids good in the human body? Why or why not? 4. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?arrow_forward! Required information 1305 MENINGES Within the skull and vertebral column, the brain and spinal cord are protected by three layers of connective tissue collectively called meninges. From superficial to deep, the meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater. O The periosteal layer of dura mater is adherent to the Multiple Choice 0:00 / 1:39 Outer surface of the skull Brain surface Inner surface of the skull Pia mater 1x []arrow_forward
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education