Concept explainers
To review:
Based upon the mechanism of opposing concentration gradients of Bicoid and Caudal determine specification of the anterior-to-posterior axis in Drosophila melanogaster, and whether same mechanism work in a fly embryo that is larger or has different proportions per body segment. Also, determine precision of actual gradient and precision to set a nucleus/cell upon a lineage-specific path of maturation.
Introduction:
Research studies revealed that the cytoplasm of egg is not uniform as compared to other eggs. It comprises of ascents of positional information determining the cell density along the egg's anterior-posterior axis. In the syncytial blastoderm, nuclei in the frontal part of the cell are open to cytoplasmic determination factors usually not found in the posterior segment of the cell. These determination factors in differing amount with the nuclei specify cell fate.
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Developmental Biology
- Practice Question 8 - Below are two cell signalling pathways that work together to regulate cell growth, proliferation and ultimately the size of organs in O.Extremus. In other closely related organisms, dysfunction of these pathways has been associated with tumor growth. mTOR pathway: 1. Growth factors bind and stimulate the receptors. crosstalk Hippo Pathway 2. Receptors can activate the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) – Akt signaling pathway. MTOR Pathway - 3. The activated Akt, a serine threonine kinase, inhibits theTSC1–TSC2 complex, allowing Rheb to activate mTORC1. Mst РІЗК PTEN Lats АКТ 4. In parallel, amino acids activate the mTORC1 pathway through a mechanism requiring the Rag- ator con miR-29 YAP TSC2-TSC1 lex. amino acids Rag-Ragulator Hippo pathway: 1. The binding of the ligand activates the receptors which activate Mst and Lats. Rheb cell division MTORC1 organ size 2. YAP activity is modulated by phosphorylation of Mst and Lats. YAP upregulates miR-29, which in turn…arrow_forwardTask #3 Impact of allelic difference: The receptor protein encoded by the recessive m allele sequence cannot bind its hormone partner, and as a result the fur pigment eumelanin is not effectively produced. Briefly explain how one amino acid change might impact the function of the receptor protein. Task # 4 Genotypes and Phenotypes: The Mc1r gene is located on chromosome #16 in mice. Mice are diploid so every somatic cell has two copies of the Mc1r gene. Since there are two Mc1r alleles there are three possible genotypes: MM, Mm and mm. M=dark pigment m=less pigmentParental generation: an inland mouse (MM) mates with a beach mouse (mm) A. What is the genotype of the F1 offspring? ________B. If this trait exhibits simple (Mendelian) dominance, circle the phenotype expected for the F1 fur color: dark pigment / medium pigment / less pigment Observed phenotype: F1 actually have medium pigment. Initially this looks like blending, but it is not. M and m are discrete units. This observation…arrow_forwardNeed help Q1: Assuming these two genes sort independently, how many progeny would you expect to show the green striped phenotype? (Enter your answers as a whole number, e.g. 1) Q2: Which of the following are recombinant phenotypes? (Select all that apply) A. Green and Spotted B. Green and Striped C. Yellow and Spotted: D. Yellow and Stripedarrow_forward
- Task # 4 Genotypes and Phenotypes: The Mc1r gene is located on chromosome #16 in mice. Mice are diploid so every somatic cell has two copies of the Mc1r gene. Since there are two Mc1r alleles there are three possible genotypes: MM, Mm and mm. M-dark pigment m=less pigment Parental generation: an inland mouse (MM) mates with a beach mouse (mm) A. What is the genotype of the F1 offspring? B. If this trait exhibits simple (Mendelian) dominance, circle the phenotype expected for the F1 fur color: dark pigment / medium pigment / less pigment Observed phenotype: F1 actually have medium pigment. Initially this looks like blending, but it is not. M and m are discrete units. This observation does not disprove Mendel's First Law which holds true for the genotypes. Individuals with genotype Mm produce more pigment than individuals with genotype mm and less than individuals with genotype MM. and show the gametes and offspring C. Write the F1 x F1 cross in a Punnett square below. X D. What…arrow_forwardLEARNING TASK 1 "BIKINI BOTTOM GENETICS" Use the information for SpongeBob's traits to write the phenotype (physical appearance) for each item. Trait Dominant Gene Recessive Gene PHENOTYPE Body Shape SquarePants (S) Round pants (s) Body Color Yellow (Y) Blue (y) Eye shape Round (R) Oval (r) Nose Style Long (L) Stubby (1) LEARNING TASK 2 Use the information in Learning Task 1 to write the genotype (or genotypes) for each trait below. (a) Yellow body (b) Roundpants (e) Stubby nose - (f) Round eyes - (g) Squarepants - (h) Blue body - (c) Oval eyes - (d) Long nose - Determine the genotypes for each using the information in Learning Task 1. (a) Heterozygous Round Eyes (b) Homozygous Long Nose (c) Purebred Squarepants (d) Hybrid Yellow bodyarrow_forwardARTER 1 WEEK 5- WEEK 6 WRITTEN WORKS (30% OF YOUR GPAD ANSWER THE EOU E Learning Task 5: Read and understand the pattern of inheritance in multiple alleles. Answer the guide question in your notebook. Multiple Alleles Mendel studied just two alleles of his pea genes, but real populations of- ten have multiple alleles of a given gene, In this activity you will learn how to crossed the gene for coat color in rabbits (the C gene) which comes in four color alleles (C, Cch, Ch, c) as shown by the figure De below. Pe e ALBNO ACH CHINTHLLA HAILAYN Using the given genotypes, find the Fl and F2 generation of the crossed between black rabbit and chinchilla, the crossed of himalayan and albino. Use the Punnet squares below to guide you. A. Black (CC) x Chinchilla (CchCch) F1 Offspring with corresponding % Fa Offspring with corresponding % Guide Question 1. Based on the results of the genetic crosses you have shown, how do you think the red and white flower alleles can "interact with one another?…arrow_forward
- SCIENCE 9 WORKSHEET NO. 5-6 OUARTER 1- WEEKS 5-6 Problem Set Solve the following problems. 1. Show a cross between two heterozygous green pod and a homozygous yellow pad. 2. Show the cross between a homozygous constricted purple pod and a homozygous inflated yellow pod 3. What will be the genotype of the offspring if a cross between two heterozygous terminal purple flowers is done? 4. Show a cross between a heterozygous tall green plant and a homozygous short yellow plant. 5. Give the probability of having a heterozygous offspring if a cross between a heterozygous tall inflated pod plant and a homozygaus tall flat pod plant. 6. Acarrier of color blindness woman married a color- blind man. Is carrier offspring? 7. In cattle, the hornless condition (H) is dominant and the horned condition (h) is recessive. A bull without horns is crossed with a cow with harns. Of the four offspring, one (1) is horned and three (3) are hornless. Determine the genotype of the bull and the cow. 8. In…arrow_forwardQuestions: 1. How does the genetic code determine the expression of heritable traits in an organism? 2. What are the mechanisms of gene regulation that control the expression of heritable traits? 3. What are the functions of DNA segments that do not code for proteins?arrow_forwardStructures REVIEW QUESTIONS The table below compares structures found in bacterial (prokaryotic) cells with those found in animal and plant (eukaryotic) cells. Indicate by writing Yes or No if the structure is present in the cell types. Cell Wall Cell Membrane Nuclear Envelope Chromosome (DNA) Mitochondria Cytosol Ribosome Lysosome Cytoskeleton Plastids Endoplasmic Reticulum Central Vacuole Peroxisome Golgi Complex LABORATORY 4 Centrosome Cilia Section Bacterial Cell Animal Cell Plant Cellarrow_forward
- 9:31 AM Wed Apr 12 к 7 Step 1: Read Scenario In 1991, when he was just thirty years old, actor Michael J. Fox was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. While Parkinson's normally afflicts adults over the age of sixty (roughly the disease strikes about 1% of that age group), as Michael J. Fox's case indicates, younger people can develop Parkinson's as well. We do not yet fully understand Parkinson's disease, but we do know that with Parkinson's, the patient's brain cells (or neurons) die off. The neurons affected by Parkinson's control motor function and mood. Persons with advanced Parkinson's have trouble moving and speaking, and their hands and legs may tremble, twitch, or freeze up. They may also experience mood swings and depression. In the very late stages of the disease, they can also lose mental function. Assignment Details Philosophy and Ethics A Currently, no cure exists for Parkinson's disease. Scientists hope, however, that at some point in the future, embryonic stem cells…arrow_forwardSTUDY QUESTIONS The table below presents the criteria to be used in comparing mitosis and meiosis. Provide the missing information. 1. CRITERIA a. chromosome number of daughter cells b. number of cell divisions C. stages d. presence of synapsis e. f. presence of crossing over cell type that undergoes division g. number of daughter cells formed h. i. DNA content of cells at start of division DNA content of daughter cells j. genetic consequences MITOSIS MEIOSISarrow_forwardQuestions for Part 2 for Ken Burns The Gene: An Intimate History "Revolution in the Treatment of Disease" What was the Human Genome Project? When was it and give results. What inherit dangers go along with genetic engineering? What is genome sequencing? What makes viruses unique for genetic engineering? What happened with the first Gene Therapy Trials for OTC at the University of Pennsylvania? Why did it fail specifically? Describe Sickle Cell Disease and on what gene does the mutation reside? Explain the significance of the companion gene and the gene for sickle cell in gene therapy? What is CRISPR and how is it used? please answer 4,5,6 please asap.arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning