Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The orbital interaction diagram for given species is to be drawn and whether the species would likely exist as diatomic species or dissociate into monatomic fragments is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The atomic orbitals of similar size and energy overlap to form molecular orbitals. The addition of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of a continuous orbital which is known as bonding molecular orbital and subtraction of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of antibonding molecular orbital. These two orbitals have different energies. The diagram representing the orbital energies is known as orbital interaction diagram.
(b)
Interpretation:
The orbital interaction diagram for given species is to be drawn and whether the species would likely exist as diatomic species or dissociate into monatomic fragments is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The atomic orbitals of similar size and energy overlap to form molecular orbitals. The addition of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of a continuous orbital which is known as bonding molecular orbital and subtraction of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of antibonding molecular orbital. These two orbitals have different energies. The diagram representing the orbital energies is known as orbital interaction diagram.
(c)
Interpretation:
The orbital interaction diagram for given species is to be drawn and whether the species would likely exist as diatomic species or dissociate into monatomic fragments is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The atomic orbitals of similar size and energy overlap to form molecular orbitals. The addition of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of a continuous orbital which is known as bonding molecular orbital and subtraction of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of antibonding molecular orbital. These two orbitals have different energies. The diagram representing the orbital energies is known as orbital interaction diagram.
(d)
Interpretation:
The orbital interaction diagram for given species is to be drawn and whether the species would likely exist as diatomic species or dissociate into monatomic fragments is to be stated.
Concept introduction:
The atomic orbitals of similar size and energy overlap to form molecular orbitals. The addition of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of a continuous orbital which is known as bonding molecular orbital and subtraction of two atomic orbitals results in the formation of antibonding molecular orbital. These two orbitals have different energies. The diagram representing the orbital energies is known as orbital interaction diagram.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 1 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Chloral (Cl₃C—CH=O) forms a monohydrate, chloralhydrate, the sleep-inducing depressant called “knockout drops”in old movies. (a) Write two possible structures for chloral hy-drate, one involving hydrogen bonding and one that is a Lewis adduct. (b) What spectroscopic method could be used to identify the real structure? Explain.arrow_forwardThere are two main types of covalent bond breakage. In ho-molytic breakage , each atom in the bond gets one of the shared electrons. In some cases, the electronega-tivity of adjacent atoms affects the bond energy. In heterolytic breakage, one atom gets both electrons and the other gets none;thus, a cation and an anion form. (a) Why is the C−C bond in H₃C−CF₃(423 kJ/mol) strongerthan that in H₃C−CH₃(376 kJ/mol)?(b) Use bond energy and any other data to calculate the heat ofreaction for the heterolytic cleavage of O₂.arrow_forwardThe bond length in the HCl molecule is 1.27 Å. (a) Calculate the dipole moment, in debyes, that results if the charges on theH and Cl atoms were 1+ and 1- respectively. (b) The experimentally measured dipole moment of HCl(g) is 1.08 D. Whatmagnitude of charge, in units of e, on the H and Cl atoms leads to this dipole moment?arrow_forward
- The sulfate ion can be represented with four S-O bonds or with two S-O and two So=O bonds.(a) Which representation is better from the standpoint of formal charges?(b) What is the shape of the sulfate ion, and what hybrid orbitals of S are postulated for the σ bonding?(c) In view of the answer to part (b), what orbitals of S must be used for the π bonds? What orbitals of O?(d) Draw a diagram to show how one atomic orbital from S and one from O overlap to form a π bond.arrow_forward(a) How does a polar molecule differ from a nonpolar one? (b) Atoms X and Y have different electronegativities. Will the diatomic molecule X—Y necessarily be polar? Explain. (c) What factors affect the size of the dipole moment of a diatomic molecule?arrow_forwardWhat are the electron-pair geometry and the molecular structure of each of the following molecules or ions?(a) ClF5(b) ClO2−(c) TeCl42−(d) PCl3(e) SeF4(f) PH2−arrow_forward
- 1. Draw the Lewis structures for each of the following ions or molecules. For each, give (i) the molecular shape, (ii) the electron pair geometry at the central atom, and (iii) the hybridization of the central atom. (a) POF3 (b) XeO₂F3+ (c) BrCl₂ (d) N3 (the central atom is N; two other N's are bonded to it) (e) PF3arrow_forwardConsider the molecules SCl₂, F₂, CS₂, CF₄, and BrCl.(a) Which has bonds that are the most polar?(b) Which have a molecular dipole moment?arrow_forwardQUESTION 5 (31 MARKS) (a) (i) Draw a pz orbital and a d?-y² orbital. (4) (ii) What are the differences between a 5pz orbital and a 4d,- orbital in the H atom? (6) (b) (i) Draw the Lewis structure of methanol, CH3OH(8). (3) (ii) Show with a simple diagram how methanol dissolves in water. Explain. (2) (c) How does the energy and length of the carbon-oxygen bond in CH3OH(e) compare with the carbon-oxygen distance in carbon monoxide? Explain. (5) (d) Chemical bonds can be classified as polar covalent, according to and (3) (e) Chemical bonds can also be classified as single or number of according to the (2) (f) Draw the Lewis structure(s) for SO3F. Explain the structure which you have drawn. (6)arrow_forward
- Predict whether the bonds in the following compounds are ionic or covalent: (a) NaI (sodium iodide); (b) H 2O 2 (hydrogen peroxide).arrow_forwardWhich of these statements about resonance is true?(a) When you draw resonance structures, it is permissibleto alter the way atoms are connected.(b) The nitrate ion has one long N¬O bond and two shortN¬O bonds.(c) “Resonance” refers to the idea that molecules areresonating rapidly between different bonding patterns.(d) The cyanide ion has only one dominant resonancestructure.(e) All of the above are true.arrow_forwardWhich of the following species (there may be more than one) is/are likely to have the structure shown here: (a) XeF4, (b) BrF4 +, (c) SiF4, (d) TeCl4, (e) HClO4?arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY