The cytochromes are heme-containing proteins that function as electron carriers in the mitochondria. Calculate the difference in the reduction potential (AE°') and the change in the standard free energy (AG°) when the electron flow is from the carrier with the lower reduction potential to the higher. cytochrome c₁ (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c₁ (Fe2+) E°' = 0.22 V cytochrome c (Fe³+) + e¯ = cytochrome c (Fe²+) E°' = 0.254 V Calculate AE°' and AG°'. AE°' = AG°' = V kJ/mol
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- The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexesvary from 0.The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexes vary from 0.1 V to 0.39 V. Explain why these different values are necessary for the operation of this processTo carefully prepared mitochondria were added succinate, oxidized cytochrome c, ADP, orthophosphate, and sodium cyanide. The overall balanced equation is: succinate + 2 cyt c(ox) + ADP + Pi --> fumarate + 2 cyt c(red) + ATP + H2O The standard state free energy of this system is O -10.3 kJ/mol 42.5 kJ/mol O 10.3 kJ/mol -42.5 kJ/mola) Assuming that ubiquinone is unavailable inside of the cell, calculate the AG and the Keq if electrons are transferred directly from complex I to complex III of the electron transport chain. In your answer include the net equation for this electron transfer. Constants: R= 8.3J/degree'mol, F= 96.1kJ/volt mol, T=298K ( Half Reaction EM ubiquinone + 2e + 2H' Ubiquinol + H2 NAD + 2e+ 2H'→ NADH + H 0.045 -0.320 1/202 + 2e +2H H,O Cytc (Fe") + +le + 1H"→ Cytc (Fe²) 0.816 0.254 b) In a single sentence explain whether or not this electron transfer is possible. /
- a newly identified bacterium called Nomore biochem is unable to synthesize ubiquinone. A mobile electron carrier called CXC3 is used as a substitute. From the information provided in the table, calculate delta G' and Keq value at 298K for the redox reaction that occurs in the Nomore Biochem electron transport chain. (constants: R=8.3 J/degree x mol, F= 96.1 kJ/v x mol Half Reactions E' (V) ubiquinone + 2e- + 2H+--> Ubiquinol + H2 0.045 NAD+ + 2e- + 2H+ --> NADH + H+ -0.320 CXC3 + 2e- + 2H+ --> CXC3H2 -0.450 explain the impact that using CXC3 instead of ubiquinone will have on ATP production in the cell. How might the cell adapt to this situation?The standard free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is -7.3kcal/mol. The free energy change under typical cellular conditions is about -12kcal/mol. Why is there a difference? O The hydrolysis of ATP must be more difficult in the cellular environment O There is more ATP and less ADP in the cell O The cellular environment is anaerobic so O2 levels are reduced O The enzymes involved in the reaction are trapped in organellesThe coenzyme NADP is the terminal electron acceptor in chloroplasts, according to the reaction 2 H₂O + 2 NADP+ 2 NADPH + 2 H+ + O₂ Calculate the equilibrium constant, K'eq, for this reaction at 25 °C. + Use an E'° of -0.324 V for NADP and 0.816 V for H₂O. K'eq = x10
- You are isolating mitochondria from insect cells and incubating in a test tube with 0.005 M FADH2, 0.05 M ADP and 0.05 M Pi. Assuming, these 3 can enter mitochondria at no cost,no glucose/products of glucose metabolism remain in the isolated mitochondria, and oxygen is present. Part 1) If all expected reactions go to completion, how much ATP is expected formed? (0 M)(0.02 M) (0.03 M) (0.05 M) (0.1 M) (0.005 M) (0.01 M) (0.015 M) Part 2) The ratio of FADH2/FAD at completion of all expected reactions would be? (2) (>>2) (0) (1) Part 3) After completion of all expected reactions, ratio of H ion concentration inside vs. outside the mitochondrial inner membrane should be? (<1) (~1) (>1)(0) Please provide brief explanationThe table shows standard reduction potentials, E., for reactions with n transferred electrons. Oxidant 02 +2H+ FAD Reductant n E. (V) H₂O 2 +0.82 FADH2 2 -0.22 Faraday's constant is 96.48 kJ mol-1 V-1. Electron transfer from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen generates a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH result in more protons being pumped across to form the gradient than electrons from FADH2. Calculate the free energy change, AG", for the reduction of O2 with FADH2. Round your answer to the nearest whole number. AG° = kJ mol-1Under standard conditions, NADH reoxidation by the electron-transport chain has a free-energy change equal to –220 kJ/mol. With 100% efficiency, how many ATP could be synthesized under standard conditions? What is the "actual" efficiency given these numbers?
- Propose that you have discovered a new ATP synthase from the mitochondrion of an organism onthe planet X. You found that the mitochondrion from this newly discovered organism has exactly thesame electron transport chain as human beings. In addition, this newly discovered ATP synthase hassimilar subunit composition and arrangements as human beings, excepting that such newlydiscovered ATP synthase contain 6 c-subunits. Theoretically, the P/O ratio for the oxidation of FADH2 to water in this organism is: 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 None of the above Need more information Which statement is NOT true about the transport of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membraneon its way to the cytosol? The transport causes the loss of a net charge of -1 in the matrix. It is accomplished by adenine nucleotide translocase. The same enzyme that transports ATP also transport ADP in the opposite direction. It is complexed with Mg2+ to reduce the draw on the electrical part of the protonmotive force.The standard free energy of hydrolysis of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is about −20 kJ/mol for each Pi released. We calculated in Worked Example 13–2 that, in a cell, it takes about 50 kJ/mol of energy to synthesize ATPfrom ADP and Pi. Is it feasible for a cell to use polyphosphate to synthesize ATP from ADP? Explain your answer.The standard free energy variation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction is ΔGº’ = -30.5 kJ / mol ATP + H2O ⇄ ADP + Pi In red blood cells, when the concentration of Pi is 1.6 mM, the real change in energy free is ΔG = - 50'2 kJ / mol. a) Calculate under these conditions what is the ratio [ATP] / [ADP] in the red blood cells. b) Determine the equilibrium constant K 'of the reaction outlined above. c) If the ADP concentration were 0.2mM, what would be the effective concentration of ATP corresponding to equilibrium.