3. Denote each of the following pairs as constitutional isomers or identical molecules. It may be helpful to draw the structure of each. a. CH3CH2CH2CH3 and CH3CH(CH3)CH3 b. CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 and CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH3 c. 2,2-dimethylpropane and pentane

30. The shown structure is a cyclic D-monosaccharide. Which of the following statements is true? HOCH₂ H OH H OH OH CH₂OH A. The chemical can react with methanol to form a hemiacetal in solution without forming an open chain structure B. The chemical needs to form an open chain structure to be able to react with methanol to produce a glycosidic linkage in solution C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

9. What is sphingosine? For lipids with a sphingosine backbone, to what carbons are the other functional groups attached? How many acyl tails attach to sphingosine to make a sphingolipid? 10. Compare and contrast the structure of sphingomyelins with glycerophopholipids. 11. Which of the following statements is true? Please briefly explain why the false statements are false. A. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are evenly distributed at the two monolayers of plasma membrane. B. Phosphotidylserine is enriched at the inner leaflet of transport vesicles. C. In sphingolipids, the fatty acid tail is linked to its backbone via an ester bond. D. Common glycerophospholipids often carry positive charges at physiological pH. E. Lipases are enzymes that can cut structural lipids at different locations

This image shows us a of G6PD. A. monomeric (tertiary) structure B. homodimeric (quaternary) structure O C. heterodimeric (quaternary) structure O D. homotetrameric (quaternary) structure O E. heterotetrameric (quaternary) structure

13. The structures of sphingosine and choline are given below. Draw the condensed structure and block diagram of the sphingolipid formed from these molecules and a molecule of myristic acid. CH3-(CH2)12-CH=CH-CH-OH CH₂ CH3-N-CH2-CH2-OH CH-NH2 sphingosine CH2-OH CH3 choline BLOCK DIAGRAM (draw below) CONDENSED STRUCTURE 14. Which fatty acid below should have the highest melting point? Why? Explain your answer based on structure and forces of attraction. OH O OH TOH OH

3. Ambien is a sedative used in the treatment of insomnia. It was discovered in 1982 and brought to market in 1992 (it takes a long time for new drugs to undergo the extensive testing required to receive approval from the Food and Drug Administration). Identify the hybridization state and geometry of each carbon atom in the structure of this compound. H H H HH H H H H H -H

None

a. What charge of O2 would produce an ion with a bond order of 2.5? b. Of F2, B2, O2, and N2 how many are paramagnetic? c. Of F2, B2, O2, and N2 how many increase in bond length when an electron is removed? d. Arrange these from strongest to weakest bond: B2, C2, N2 π* Π b 9 σ strongest O, F, Ne བུ π* π b σ* σ weakest B, C, N

5

1. Draw a circle around and give the name of each functional group in the following twomolecules. (Note: each line represents a covalent bond. If no atom is shown, assume there’s a carbon there.)