POL.355.Final.Paper

The legitimate defense of a nation and the responsibility of the Security Council to take actions in the course of maintaining peace within its areas of influence. With the establishment of United Nations and the modernization of war and its materials; the theories and doctrines of the past also needed to evolve. The modern Just war theory in composed of two principles: jus ad bellum, the right to conduct war, and jus in bello, the correct conduct within war. Each principle also has its own set of criteria to follow. Jus ad bellum contains six: Just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, last resort, probability of success, and proportionality. (Orend, 2006)

The just war theory has a long history. Parts of the Bible hint at ethical behavior in war and concepts of just cause, announcing the justice of war by divine intervention.

September 11, 2001 marks the day of a horrific event that had changed America’s foreign policies and outlook on national security protocol. The response that the U.S. government had towards this act of terror was a response involving the pursuit of justice against those who committed the heinous actions that killed thousands of innocent Americans. The U.S. government wanted to combat our enemies by pursuing national interests in an attempt to stop the occurrences of terrorism that were occurring from the Middle East region. The government would do this by first demanding the surrender of Al-Qaeda leaders including Osama Bin Laden and those that were involved with the planning of the attack. Ground forces were later sent to search for Al-Qaeda members when they did not comply with the demands. The U.S. government had goals of developing a peaceful relation with Middle Eastern governments to help combat Al-Qaeda forces; but, while the U.S. government had intentions of containing a global threat of terrorism, I believe that U.S. government actions have unintentionally unleashed a terrorism outbreak within the Middle East. With intention to stop terrorist acts from taking place, the interests of the U.S. have undoubtedly caused anger among the people of Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran and may have caused terrorist organizations to benefit from actions made by the mistakes of our U.S. military.

They elucidate that terrorism is a “premeditated, politically motivated, violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups of clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience,” (National Institute of Justice).

The theory is not intended to justify wars but to prevent them, by showing that going to war except in certain limited circumstances is wrong, and thus motivate states to find other ways of resolving conflicts. A war is only a Just War if it is both justified, and carried out in the right way. The circumstances of Just-War Theory must be of: Last Resort, Legitimate Authority, Just Cause, Probability of Success, Right Intention, Proportionality, and Civilian Casualties.

Sun Tzu understood the nature of war as “the province of life or death,” and a “matter of vital importance to the state.”1 I agree. In my own experience, war awakens your primordial instincts and strips you of your self-rationalizations. Sun Tzu defined the character of war when he wrote, “water has no constant form, there are in war no constant conditions.”2 Accordingly, Sun Tzu’s principals of war offer a framework adequate to explain the nature and character of 21st century warfare, which I rationalize as a near-continuous battle of ideologies fought through asymmetric means to advance the values and interests of state and non-state actors.

According to traditional just war theory, a just cause must serve peace and not simply protect an unjust status quo. War must be used as a last resort and all pacifistic approaches must be

In William James’s, “The Moral Equivalent of War,” he explores the barbaric ways of war and promotes world peace. The purpose of James’s essay is to demonstrate that mankind cannot achieve a perfect, warless society until there is a moral equivalent of war such as a substitute for war’s disciplinary function. “The duties, penalties, and sanctions pictured in the utopias they paint are all too weak and tame to touch the military minded.” (James 51). Furthermore, James adds that peace cannot be sought unless we maintain some military discipline.

International terrorism aspires to intimidate or coerce a civilian population, influence the policy of a government, or affect the conduct of a government and transcend national

To begin, as we enter the new millennium, humanity is coming face to face with the most dangerous global challenge of terrorism. With each passing day, it is becoming more widespread in the planetary scale. Terrorist methods practiced by many extremist organizations around the world show that terrorism is an international phenomenon. Both qualitative and quantitative changes take place. The number of extremist organizations is increasing. They expand its geography and complicated structure, improve their methods. Terrorist acts are getting more and more thought-out and violent, as terrorists use the most modern technology, weapons and

The reasonable chance of success must be present. Therefore, a “just war” is a winnable war.

Terrorism is a major threat to national and global security that encompasses more than violent means by foreigners and Islamic extremists. This is mainly because most of the recent terror acts in America have been carried out by single-issue individuals and special-interest extremists with the intention of protecting the environment and animals based on their beliefs. Actually, terrorism is described as the illegitimate use of extreme violence and force with the intention of coercing a

The idea of a fair war can be traced back to when wars themselves began. In records of early civilizations, there were indications that the warriors involved used ethical deliberations to better control the possible devastations of their battles,

Most terrorists fight because the developed countries have forsaken them to have a comfortable living and quality services as the resources they could have used to improve their lifestyle have been taken for granted by these developed countries. Instead of paying these countries back for these resources, replacing them or granting them a piece of technology and update, these developed countries do not even do any of these as their sign of thanks. To terrorists, this is just one way they can get their rights back for their own resources. Another reason terrorism exists and happens because of the difference in idealism of both the international community and these rebels has over important events and issues. As they conflict regarding these ideals, many are stuck in between the crossfire. The article pointed that even though the international community can solve the problem of developing countries with regards to their way of life and other important needs of the country, they must also understand that their donations to the country must not be generalized. (Krueger and Maleckova)

What is the ‘Principles of War'? An answer for this can be said that the ‘Principles of War' apart from wars itself can aid to understanding strategic rules that can be used in conducting military operations, law, business and life on the hold. This has stood the test of practice, experimentation and analysis by a Chinese philosopher called Sun Tzu, circa 500 BC who captured the essence of his philosophies in a book called ‘Sun Tzu on the Art of War'. To any country or state the ‘Art of War'