Sociology Review_ Fall Semester

Sociology Review: Fall Semester Horace Miner's, research on the Nacirema: Peter Berger, Concept of (the strange in the familiar): This means trying to experience society as if it is your first time and everything is new. We do many behaviors because we view them as normal and common sense. Peter Berger, Seeing the general in the particular : sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people. It is true that every individual is unique but society shapes the lives of people in various categories very differently. - What generalizations someone might assume, to try and make sense of what they are seeing. - Example: “They must be a part of a cult meeting, that is why they are looking towards a leader.” Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination : ability to see the context which shapes your individual decision making, as well as the decisions made by others - Shifting your thinking from seeing something as a personal trouble to a public issue Emile Durkheim, Le Suicide : The reason of individuals suicide can be caused by society=>we can see how society making impact on individual. - Emile wrote a book about his research on suicide. He looked at suicide as “what if there’s a social reasoning for their suicidal thoughts instead of blaming it on the victim” - He looked into demographic characteristics of the victims as well as historical information - Emile found that more people committed suicide during a poor econmic stature vs good, and also men were known to commit suicide more than women, as well as military personnel. Agency Vs Structure : Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available. Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. - Example of Agency: If someone works hard enough they can achieve the american dream - Example of Structure: Lots of people work hard but they don’t get to achieve as much as someone else could Global sociology : beyond border; larger than macro view Macro Sociology : society wide interaction, class structures, gender relations etc.. - taking a global take on society, seeing it as a whole Micro Sociology : face to face interactions, looking up close at a small group or community

Quantitative : about figure, find general data to analyze, tends to be macro sociology Qualitative : non-numerical data, text and focus on individual, done through, talking, listening and observing, Tends to be Micro sociology Participant Observation : a qualitative research methodology in which the researcher studies a group not only through observation, but also by participating in its activities. Frames: Durkheim, Functionalism : focused on the problem of order and the positive effects of social institutions, explaining their existence in terms of their functionally necessary contributions. - Durkeim believed that society was like an organism (has different organs in the body that work a specific function) - This theory looks at society as a whole, known in sociology as a Macro theory due to not looking at individuals or individual problems but at society as a group or subcultures. - Durkheim's idea of social facts: How institutions, norms and values affect individuals in a society. Karl Marx, Conflict theory : society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. - According to Marx “In order for us to reach equality, the lower working class must open their minds to class consciousness and come together to fight against the hierarchy. " George Herbert Mead, Symbolic Interactionism: focuses on how individuals interact William Edward Burghardt Du Bois: the first sociologist to articulate the agency of the oppressed, Atlanta Compromise (1805): Washington asked whites to trust Blacks and provide them with opportunities so that both races could advance in industry and agriculture Niagara Movement (1905): d edicated to obtaining civil rights for African-Americans. Eugenics: scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of “racial improvement” and “planned breeding,” Contemporary Theory: modern revival of the old scholastic realism Western Marxism: s haped primarily by the failure of the socialist revolution in the Western world. Western Marxists were concerned less with the actual political or economic practice of Marxism than with its philosophical interpretation, especially in relation to cultural and historical studies.

- Overgeneralization: when observation have limited - authority/tradition: relis on cultural norms and practicies - Scientific research methods: Deductive Research: the one that people typically associate with scientific investigation Inductive Research: search for patterns Components of indigenous ways of knowing (north American): Components of indigenous african ways of knowing: spirituality, history, cultural practices, social interactions, language, healing Examples of harm done to indigenous communities: mararia, did not treat so killed Respect, Relevance, Reciprocity and Responsibility : The “4Rs” of Indigenous Research Participatory Action Research: a qualitative research methodology that involves researchers and participants collaborating to understand social issues and take actions to bring about social change Culture: Reification: Cultural Diamond: Sacralization: Canons: Zora Neale Hurston: Economic Capital: Human Capital: Social Capital: Cultural Capital: Cultural Appropriation: Cultural Annihilation: Awareness of self and Behavior: Socialization: Davis Moore thesis: Critical Sociology & Economic Inequality: Interpretive Sociology & Economic Inequality: Conspicuous consumption: Racism: Minority groups: Social construction of race: Reification: Thomas Theorem: Racialized population:

Reverse racism: Prejudice vs Discrimination: Prejudice: Discrimination: The Pass System: Reverse racism: Article review: - Abstract: - introduction/backing: - literature review: - methodology/methods: - results/findings: - Diction: - Conclusion: The cultural contradictions of motherhood: Content analysis:

○ an approach to the study of society that relies specifically on empirical scientific evidence, such as controlled experiments and statistics. Positivism is a belief that we should not go beyond the boundaries of what can be observed. ● Structural functionalism and critiques of it ○ Structural functionalism ■ a macro theory that looks at how all structures or institutions in society work together. ○ Critique of this ■ being unable to account for social change, or for structural contradictions and conflict ○ Quantitative sociology ■ focuses on numerical representations of the research subjects ○ Manifest/latent functions ■ Manifest Functions are the apparent and intended functions of institutions in society. Latent Functions are the less apparent, unintended, and often unrecognized functions in social institutions and processes. ● Interpretive sociology ○ embraces the principle that social life is subjective and that those who systematically study social life should attend to how people make sense and interpret their social world, actions, and identities. ○ Symbolic interactionism, ● an approach used to analyze human interactions by focusing on the meanings that individuals assign to things in the world around them, including words and objects. ○ its three premises ● ○ critiques of it ● ○ Labeling ● Critical sociology and critiques of it ● Critical sociology ○ looking at how things are and considering how they could be improved ○ Historical materialism ● Historical materialism only describes the movement of alienated life, but Marx views the whole of history as a process of overcoming alienation, and that, for him, is the point of studying it. ○ Dialectics ● a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation. ○ Feminism ■ Patriarchy ○ Men’s privilege, exploited women

■ Dominant gender ideology ○ anti-feminist ■ Standpoint theory ○ Generate social divide through making privileged group and non-privileged one ○ Dual consciousness 二重意識とは、個人が矛盾する 2 つの信 念を同時に持っている状態のことである。例えば、労働者階級は 、 教育制度から得た一連の信念と、職場から得た一連の価値観を対 照的に持っている場合がある。 ○ Marx's concepts of: ■ Alienation: the process whereby the worker is made to feel foreign to the products of his/her own labor. Exploitation from the community ■ False consciousness ■ Class consciousness a consciousness regarding their social class or economic rank in society Think about this question ● What is theory and how is it used? ● What are the strengths and weaknesses of the three perspectives? ● Marx talked about alienation in the context of industrial manufacturing. Are there other types of work or social situations where similar processes of alienation could be occurring? How? ● Pick any social issue and imagine how the different theoretical perspectives might approach studying or understanding it. Week 3 contemporary theory ● Western Marxism vs marxism ● Ruling idea of society itself, marxism every ○ Cultural function within capitalism ○ hegemony ■ The authority, dominance, and influence of one group, nation, or society over another group, nation, or society; typically through cultural, economic, or political means. ● 4 waves of feminism ● post-structuralism - meaning is constructed by language ○ Discourse language is constructing, musilim is discorsing ○ discipline/surveillance ○ normalization ● queer theory ● post-colonial theory ○ Said – Orientalism ○ Fanon - Black Skin, White Masks ● critical race theory

○ prediction ● quantitative methods ○ statistical ● correlation vs causation ○ Positive or ndagetive, relationship between cause and effect ● independent and dependent variables ● interpretive/qualitative methods ○ Individual stuff ● Hawthorne effect ○ Looking, you’ll be able to change the resultu ● survey ● Sample ○ Population sampling ● experiment ● field research ○ ○ Field research is a qualitative method of research concerned with understanding and interpreting the social interactions of groups of people, communities, and society by observing and interacting with people in their natural settings. ● participant observation ● ethnography ○ the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. ● case study ○ Focused on inidivisuals ● secondary/textual/content analysis ○ involves the use of existing data, collected for the purposes of a prior study, in order to pursue a research interest which is distinct from that of the original work ● research ethics ○ history: Tuskegee, Nazi experiments, Stanford Prison Experiment, Milgram ○ three principles of research ethics ○ Research Ethics Board (REB) ○ Group vulnerability and research risk (Risk Matrix) ○ informed consent ● Example studies ○ Davidman, Wodtke, & Granfield ● Indigenous ways of knowing ○ to help educate people about the vast variety of knowledge that exists across diverse Indigenous communities ● Research ethics with Indigenous communities and governmental regulations ○ respect, consent, reciprocity, and shared opportunity .

And, make sure that you can answer these study questions. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. ● Compare and contrast the three sample studies addressed in the videos (Davidman's research on Jewish women, Wodtke's research on racism, Granfield's research on law students). How did their research methods differ and why? What steps would they have had to take to uphold research ethics? ● Pick a very general topic that interests you. How could you investigate that topic differently using surveys, participant observation, or interviews? How would the data you get differ? ● Consider our metaphor of how research is a conversation. What role does the literature review play in that conversation? Week 5 culture 1 ● Culture ○ “culture” just as often refers to the beliefs that people hold about reality, the norms that guide their behavior, the values that orient their moral commitments, or the symbols through which these beliefs, norms, and values are communicated. ○ Values ● its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just ○ Beliefs ● beliefs that are learned and shared across groups of people ○ Sanctions ● mechanisms of social control ○ Norms ● rules or expectations of behavior and thoughts based on shared beliefs within a specific cultural or social group ■ Folkways ○ behaviors that are learned and shared by a social group ■ Mores ○ A set of moral norms or customs derived from generally accepted practices ■ Taboos ○ Something you are not allowed by cultural reasons In many Jewish and Muslim communities, people are forbidden from eating pork ● breaching experiment ○ experiment that seeks to examine people's reactions to violations of commonly accepted social rules or norms ● Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ○ the proposal that the particular language one speaks influences the way one thinks about reality

○ Dispersion is the state of getting dispersed or spread . Statistical dispersion means the extent to which numerical data is likely to vary about an average value. In other words, dispersion helps to understand the distribution of the data. ○ ● diaspora ○ the mass, often involuntary, dispersal of a population from a center (or homeland) to multiple areas, and the creation of communities and identities based on the histories and consequences of dispersal. ● hybridity ○ the blending of two cultures to create one shared culture or two cultures that share a high number of similarities. In cultural hybridity, both of the interacting cultures are changed by adopting elements of the other culture without one culture dominating the other. ● functionalist approach to culture ○ acknowledges that there are many parts of culture that work together as a system to fulfill society's needs. Functionalists view culture as a reflection of society's values. Conflict theorists see culture as inherently unequal, based upon factors like gender, class, race, and age. ● symbolic interactionist approach to culture ○ perceive culture as highly dynamic and fluid, as it is dependent on how meaning is interpreted and how individuals interact when conveying these meanings. Interactionists research changes in language. ● critical sociological approach to culture ○ Critical cultural research examines discourse and representation, including language and visual culture, as well as social relations, institutional structures, material practices, economic forces, and various forms of embodiment. From lecture ● Reification ○ “a cognitive occurrence in which something that doesn't possess thing- like characteristics in itself (e.g., something human) comes to be regarded as a thing” - And, make sure that you can answer these study questions. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. How does the case of the 7-day week demonstrate implicit culture? Week 6 culture II Cultural appropriation

- the inappropriate or unacknowledged adoption of an element or elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity Restricted symbols - In some cultures, a gold ring is a symbol of marriage. Some symbols are highly functional; stop signs, for instance, provide useful instruction Stigma - 'situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance' cultural capital (again!) - an individual's social assets (education, intellect, style of speech, dress, etc.) that “promote social mobility within a stratified society“. triangulated research design - multiple datasets, methods, theories and/or investigators to address a research question identity ambivalence - the extent to which an individual or group of people perceive, recognise and are able to distinguish and label ideology of meritocracy - a political system in which economic goods and/or political power are vested in individual people based on talent, effort, and achievement, rather than wealth or social class. The cultural diamond - As cultural objects gain their significance from applied meanings all cultural objects are made by humans and therefore have a creator. Sacralization - a process by which an object is invested with the property of sacredness Canon - of whom many theories, and strategies have formed how we look at society. the differences between economic, human, social, and cultural capital high culture And, make sure that you can answer these study questions. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. Why does Chelsea Vowel say that non-Indigenous people wearing imitation headdresses is disrespectful cultural appropriation, but that she would not see it as wrong for a non-Indigenous person to wear Métis moccasins? How does the concept of restricted symbols relate to the concept of "sacralization"? What research methods does Granfield use in his article? Would these be considered macro or micro? Qualitative or quantitative? What are the four broad themes that emerge out of Granfield's data?

● socialization as lifelong practice ○ lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies that provide an individual with the skills necessary for participating within society ● anticipatory socialization ○ process by which non-group-members adopt the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join ● resocialization ○ undergoing this process again by drastically changing one's values and beliefs, especially new enginromnent ● total institution ○ place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable ● gender-neutral school ○ the idea that policies, language, and other social institutions (social structures or gender roles) should avoid distinguishing roles according to people's sex or gender. ● reflected appraisals ○ describe a person's perception of how others see and evaluate him or her ● third person effect ○ individuals tend to think that other people are influenced by mass media messages to a greater degree than themselves ● social comparisons ○ a behavior where we compare certain aspects of ourselves (e.g., our behavior, opinions, status, and success) to other people so that we have a better assessment of ourselves And, make sure that you can answer these study questions. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. ● How does Gilligan's research complicate Kohlberg's theory of moral development? ● How does Milkie's research explain how girls react to magazine images? Why do you think not all of the girls had the same responses? ● If you had gone to a gender-neutral school, what impact do you think it might have had on you? ● What did research show about the impact of gender-neutral preschool? What do you think kept the results from being more dramatic? Week 8 inequality ● Habitus ○ the collective entity by which and into which dominant social and cultural conditions are established and reproduced. ● social inequality ○ differential access to and use of resources across various domains ● social stratification

○ society's categorization of its people into groups based on socioeconomic factors like wealth, income, race, education, ● meritocracy ○ a society whereby jobs and pay are allocated based on an individual's talent and achievements rather than social status . ● ascribed / achieved status ○ refers to the social status of a person that is assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life . ● caste system ○ paradigmatic ethnographic example of classification of castes ● class system ○ a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories ● Bourgeoisie ○ Control people by their capital ● Proletariat ○ workers ● absolute / relative poverty ○ Absolute; Income is below certain level, less than 50% of avg household income ● Gini index ○ a summary measure of income inequality ● Status ○ An individual's position, often relative to others ● SES socioeconomic status ○ Socioeconomic status is the position of an individual or group on the socioeconomic scale, which is determined by a combination of social and economic factors such as income, amount and kind of education ● middle class / working class ● social mobility ○ Change in person’s socio-economic situation ● global stratification ○ the unequal distribution of wealth, power, prestige, resources, and influence among the world's nations. ● neoliberalism ○ Free market ● Davis-Moore thesis ○ functionalist theory that contends society is a meritocracy and rewards people for their efforts and abilities through mobility ● critical sociological approach to inequality ○ The first approach sees economic inequalities as primarily the result of the attributes and efforts of persons; the second emphasizes inequalities built into the structure of social positions. ○ ● false consciousness

● minority group ○ refers to a group of people whose practices, race, religion, ethnicity, or other characteristics are fewer in ● scapegoat theory ○ are assumed to blame an innocent individual or group for causing the experience. ● Stereotype ○ Pre-lorded imagination or ● prejudice ● discrimination ○ By race ● racism ○ Discrimination culture ● racial steering ○ the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race. ● white privilege ○ Quicker delivery, quick service ● institutional racism ○ discrimination or unequal treatment on the basis of membership in a particular ethnic group ● residential schools ○ Canada’s indignes ● functionalist approach to racial and ethnic inequality ○ “A functionalist might look at “functions” and “dysfunctions” caused by racial inequality. Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society . ● internal colonialism ○ modern capitalist practice of oppression and exploitation of racial and ethnic minorities within the borders ● intersectionality ○ discrimination depending on their race, gender, age, ethnicity, physical ability, class or any other characteristic that might place them in a minority class. ● culture of prejudice ○ the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture ● Diversity management strategies: genocide, expulsion, segregation, assimilation, multiculturalism ○ ● hybridity ○ cross between two separate races, plants or cultures . ● Indian Act ○ the primary law the federal government uses to administer Indian status, local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land . ● Charter of French Language

○ to preserve the quality and status of the French language ● model minority stereotype ○ ericans as a group that each individual will be smart, wealthy, hard-working, docile, and spiritually . ● social construction of race ○ in positions of political, eco- nomic, and social authority create and recreate categories of difference and assign meaning and value on the basis of those categories to maintain and naturalize their own dominance. ● the myth of reverse racism ○ racial prejudice can indeed be directed at white people ● racial microaggressions ○ s patterned behaviours by individuals in a majority group, typically white people, that undermine, belittle, stereotype, or insult ● racial capital ○ racialized exploitation and capital accumulation are mutually reinforcing. And, make sure that you can answer these study questions. Give specific details and practice defining terms in your own words. ● What were the Indian Act's restrictions on marriage? ● What are some examples of segregation in Canada? ● For the article "Technologies of Racial Capital" ○ Why do people of colour turn to photo filters, cosmetic surgery, and bleaching? ○ According to her analysis of media coverage, how to plastic surgeons try to reassure the public? ○ What does the author argue is the problem with statements like "you're already beautiful," "don't be vain," and "you should just get more comfortable in your own skin?" ● You learned about eight themes of microaggressions. What are some examples that fit within those themes? ● Why are microaggressions difficult to combat? Why are they different from "regular" rudeness or incivility? ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgvjnxr6OCE ● Links to an external site. ● ● How does the film "The Pass System" illustrate the concepts of settler society, institutional racism, the Indian Act, and internal colonialism? https://play.library.utoronto.ca/watch/c57aa6aec76809f20a1af93b5b418590