20231006 RTCH 500 Exegesis Research Paper Gifts of Christ Eph 4 DK

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Equipping the Saints Exegesis Research Paper on: Ephesians 4:7-16 Douglas A Kuhl RTCH500: Research, Writing, and Ministry Preparation October 6, 2023

Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Context ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Historical Context ................................................................................................................ 2 Cultural Context ................................................................................................................... 2 Literary Context ................................................................................................................... 3 Meaning ............................................................................................................................... 4 The Significance and Application ................................................................................................. 9 A Maturing United Body ................................................................................................... 10 Everyone Has a Role to Play ............................................................................................. 11 Promoting Cohesive Unity ................................................................................................ 11 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 12 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 14 ii

1 Equipping the Saints Introduction The Apostle Paul in one of his prison epistles writes a powerful message in what we now refer to as the book of Ephesians about unity and diversity within the body of Christ, the church. This was likely a letter intended for all believers in the province of Asia. 1 In Ephesians 4:7-16 Paul explores the concept of spiritual gifts and their purpose in equipping the saints for the work of ministry. This passage delves into the idea that each member of the church has a unique role to play, contributing to the growth and maturity of the faith community. As we embark on a journey to delve deeper into the wisdom and guidance contained within Ephesians 4:7-16, we will unravel the theological insights it provides and explore its relevance in fostering a harmonious and spiritually vibrant Christian community. Through an exegesis of this text, we will uncover the enduring lessons it imparts and its enduring relevance in the life of the church and individual believers. Ephesians 4:7-16 serves as a foundational text in the New Testament, emphasizing the unity, diversity, and spiritual gifts within the Christian community. The enduring relevance of these verses lies in its capacity to guide contemporary believers towards fostering a harmonious, spiritually vibrant church by embracing their unique roles and talents in the service of Christ . Finally, Ephesians 4:7-16 is a timeless beacon, illuminating the path toward a healthy, unified Christian community in which the uniqueness of each individual and their spiritual gifts combine to create a harmonic symphony of faith and service in Christ's name. 1 Bruce, F. F., The Epistle to the Ephesians: A Verse-by-Verse Exposition . An Open Your Bible Project. (Bath, UK: Creative Communications. 2012) 10.

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2 Context Historical Context When Paul penned these words, he found himself in chains, directly under the watchful eye of the Captain of the Roman Praetorian Guard (See Acts 2:3 Amplified Bible), and subject to Emperor Nero's house arrest. The Roman Praetorian Guard, a specialized unit entrusted with safeguarding Roman emperors and notable detainees, frequently assumed responsibility for overseeing high-profile prisoners like Paul. 2 The Imperial Guard, charged with the custody of the apostle Paul as a prisoner, played a pivotal role in his captivity. The letter was most likely penned during the early stages of his captivity in Rome, roughly four years following his previous visit to the Ephesian church. This estimation places the probable date of authorship after 59 and before 63 AD. “Along with Ephesians, the Books of Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon are thought to have been written during the same time period and hence are called the “Prison Epistles” 3 Paul's correspondence to the Churches in Asia during this period offers valuable insights into his thoughts and teachings, despite his confinement. Cultural Context During this critical period in the early Christian church, tensions ran high as the community grappled with profound theological and cultural differences. The divide between 2 Du J.C. Buisson, “Philippians” in A New Commentary on Holy Scripture: Including the Apocrypha , ed. Charles Gore, Henry Leighton Goudge, and Alfred Guillaume (New York, New York: The Macmillan Company 1942), 3:552. 3 Harold, Hoehner, Harold W. “Ephesians.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures , ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.1985), 2:614.

3 those who fervently adhered to the Mosaic law, often referred to as "zealots of the law," and the Gentile converts who followed the teachings of Paul, presented a significant challenge. 4 James, known as James the Just, played a crucial role as a bridge between these two factions. His esteemed position as the leader of the elders in the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem made him a respected figure among the Jewish Christians who remained deeply connected to their Jewish heritage. 5 James' leadership embodied a commitment to upholding the traditions of the law while also embracing the burgeoning Gentile Christian community. The tensions and debates within the early church during Paul's imprisonment highlighted the ongoing struggle to reconcile these differing perspectives. It was a period of theological discourse and discernment as believers sought to navigate the complexities of faith, culture, and tradition in a rapidly expanding and diversifying Christian community. The writings of Paul, especially those produced during his imprisonment, such as the letter to the Ephesians, would become instrumental in addressing these theological and practical challenges, aiming to foster unity, and understanding among believers from diverse backgrounds. Literary Context In the opening of this chapter, Paul emphasizes the imperative for all believers to preserve the unity of the Spirit within the Body of Christ. How do we do this? He gives a clear instruction on how to reach the unity, as articulated in Ephesians 4:7-16, asserting that it is attained by the grace of God, enabled through the gifting of the Holy Spirit. No two members of the Body of Christ are alike, and the Holy Spirit's unique gifting serves with the purpose of equipping this diverse assembly of believers for their roles in ministry, resulting in the edifying 4 F.F. Bruce, New Testament History (New York, New York: Doubleday 1980), 371. 5 Ibid., 371.

4 and strengthening of the entire body. 6 The Church is like a mother, it is responsible for the nourishment of the believers. The Church like a mother who sustains her family with proper spiritual nutrition. 7 Believers need to support the church by fulfilling their roles so the church can build up the body and allow it to grow and prosper. Meaning The enduring significance of these verses in Ephesians 4:7-16, stems from their capacity to lead contemporary believers to cultivate a spiritually vibrant and harmonious church by wholeheartedly adopting their distinctive responsibilities and talents in service to Christ. In Ephesians 4:7, the Apostle Paul lays a foundational premise that underscores the equitable distribution of spiritual gifts among all believers. We can all feel a deep sense of togetherness because we all share one Lord, one faith, and one God. Still, it's important to remember that each of us has a unique gift that was given to us to help the community as a whole. No one is excluded from this divine distribution of gifts, and as a result, every individual's contribution is indispensable in the process of building up the Church. In essence, Paul's message emphasizes that, within the unity of faith, each person's distinct gift plays a vital role in the edification and growth of the Christian community, ensuring that no one's contribution can be dispensed with or overlooked. 8 Here, he asserts that it is through God's divine enablement that these gifts are 6 “4:7-16 The Gifts of Christ” in Reformation Commentary on Scripture, New Testament X , ed. Gerald L. Bray (Downers Grove, Illinois, 2011), 334-335. 7 John Calvin, “God Has Delegated His Work to Human Beings” in Reformation Commentary on Scripture, New Testament X , ed. Gerald L. Bray (Downers Grove, Illinois, 2011), 343. 8 Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible , vol. 2 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc. 1997), 350.

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5 bestowed, and each gift is specifically allocated to individual believers in accordance with Christ's discernment. This divine apportionment is a testament to the profound notion that within the Christian community, there exists no hierarchy or distinction between the clergy and laity. 9 Paul's emphasis on God's enablement highlights the overarching principle of spiritual impartiality within the body of Christ. This concept signifies that regardless of one's position or status within the church, every believer receives gifts, empowered by God's grace, to contribute to the collective purpose. It is a profound reminder that no one member of the faith community is inherently more privileged or important than another. Rather, they are all interconnected parts of a greater whole, each with a unique role to play. Paul's message urges Christians to recognize and accept their unique gifts, knowing that their different contributions through organic connections strengthens the body of Christ and helps it grow spiritually and become one. Illuminating the path toward a thriving, interconnected Christian community, in which the unique qualities of each member intertwine, fostering growth, through their interdependence within the congregation, and ultimately resulting in mutual enhancement. 10 In verse 8 of Ephesians 4, the Apostle Paul provides a biblical foundation for his assertion that God has bestowed spiritual gifts upon believers. He accomplishes this by referencing a verse from the Old Testament, specifically Psalm 68:18, and interpreting it within the context of Christ's redemptive work. 9 Harold W. Hoehner, “Ephesians.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures , ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books. 1985), 2:634. 10 Stephen D. Lowe, and Mary E. Lowe, Ecologies of Faith in a Digital Age: Spiritual Growth through Online Education (Downer’s Grove, IL: IVP Academic. 2018), 170.

6 Paul, in his interpretation, sees Christ's ascension as the victorious conqueror who, after His redeeming work through His death and resurrection, ascends to the heavenly realm, triumphing over the spiritual forces opposed to God. In this victorious ascent, Christ, like the conquering king in the Psalm, bestows spiritual gifts upon believers. Paul's citation of Psalm 68:18 underscores the divine origin and purpose of these gifts, emphasizing their significance in the life of the Christian community. 11 In verses nine and ten, Paul asserts that just as Jesus ascended, He also descended. Some scholars and believers interpret this descent as Christ's journey into Hades, a place often associated with the realm of departed human spirits after death. However, it's important to note that the role of leading captive satanic powers is attributed not to Christ's descent but rather at His ascension. 12 Therefore, it's crucial not to draw the conclusion that Christ descended into the abodes of Satan, as suggested by a recent translation of the Apostles' Creed that equates "hades" with "hell." The emphasis here in this verse lies on Christ's victorious ascent, where He overcame the forces of evil, rather than on any supposed descent into a realm associated with Satan. 13 The very same Jesus who ascended into heaven is the same Jesus who descended in humility, assumed human form, and endured intense anguish on the cross. The one who now 11 Frank S. Thielman, “Ephesians.” In Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament , ed. G.K. Beale and D.A. Carson (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2007), 824-825. 12 Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible . vol. 2 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc. 1997), 350. 13 Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown, Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible . vol. 2 (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc. 1997), 350.

7 fills the universe with His presence is the same one who humbly incarnated and willingly sacrificed Himself for our sake. Through His arrival, crucifixion, and resurrection, He established the era of Messianic peace, bounty, and grace that we now welcome and enjoy with gratitude. 14 In Ephesians 4:11-12, the Apostle Paul introduces a crucial aspect of the Christian faith, namely, the various spiritual gifts and roles bestowed upon members of the church community. These gifts encompass a diverse range of roles and responsibilities, all of which are intended to serve a singular purpose: the edification and strengthening of the body of Christ, which represents the collective community of believers. These gifts, often referred to as the fivefold ministry, encompass apostles, prophets, evangelists, shepherds (or pastors), and teachers. Each of these roles serves a unique function in the edification and growth of the body of Christ. First to reveal, then declare and finally to teach. 15 Paul's emphasis in verse 12 underscores a threefold purpose of these spiritual gifts. Firstly, they are intended to equip and empower the saints, providing them with the tools and abilities needed for their roles in the body of Christ. Secondly, these gifts are meant to serve the practical needs of the church, ensuring its smooth functioning, and addressing the various challenges it may encounter. Lastly, their purpose is to contribute to the overall growth and strengthening of the body of Christ, fostering spiritual maturity and unity within the faith community. In essence, these gifts serve to complete, serve, and edify the church, embodying 14 Max Turner, “Ephesians.” In New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition , ed. D. A. Carson, R. T. France, J. A. Motyer, and G. J. Wenham, 4th ed. (Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. 1994), 1238. 15 Ibid., 1238.

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8 their multifaceted role in the life of the Christian community. 16 In verse 13, Paul underscores the enduring nature of these spiritual gifts by highlighting their role in the ongoing development of the church. He emphasizes that these gifts will remain relevant until certain key milestones are achieved within the body of Christ. 17 Paul stresses that these spiritual gifts will persist as essential tools until the entire church achieves three significant goals. Firstly, they will remain crucial until the church unifies in faith, establishing a shared foundation of core Christian beliefs. Secondly, the gifts will be necessary until the church reaches a mature and comprehensive understanding of Christ's teachings, encompassing both intellectual grasp and practical application of biblical truths. Lastly, these gifts endure until the entire body of believers collectively attains spiritual maturity and reflects the character and mission of Christ in their lives and actions. In essence, Paul's message underscores that these gifts serve as ongoing means to equip and guide the church towards unity, knowledge, and spiritual maturity, facilitating its transformation into a reflection of Christ's fullness in the world. 18 In verses 14-16, Paul articulates the ultimate objective of these spiritual gifts. He emphasizes that believers should not remain like spiritual infants, easily swayed by false teachings or deceitful schemes. Instead, they are encouraged to mature in their faith, becoming grounded in the truth and expressing it with love. This growth in Christ allows each member of 16 Max Turner, “Ephesians.” In New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition , ed. D. A. Carson, R. T. France, J. A. Motyer, and G. J. Wenham, 4th ed. (Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press. 1994), 1238. 17 Harold W. Hoehner, “Ephesians.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures , ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.1985), 2:635. 18 Harold W. Hoehner, “Ephesians.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures , ed. J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books.1985), 2:635.

9 the church to be intricately connected and harmoniously integrated, collectively building up the body of Christ through acts of love. Paul's message underscores the importance of both spiritual discernment and a commitment to truth and love as essential elements in the journey of Christian maturity and the unity of the faith community. 19 The Significance and Application In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with ongoing economic challenges and global conflicts, individuals have endured a sense of isolation and weariness. The Australian Journal of Social Issues notes that as the pandemic gradually subsides, the lasting consequences and disparities in terms of social interaction and loneliness remain uncertain. 20 What remains evident is that, despite the surge in remote worship services, there are undoubtedly diverse personal, emotional, and essential social needs that will necessitate a collective and continuous community response from the Body of Christ. 21 Contemporary evaluations of church growth often revolve around the sheer attendance at services. However, there's a deeper dimension to this metric than mere participation in gatherings. The primary focus should be on facilitating salvation and integrating individuals into the church community. Yet, this represents just the initial step. The ultimate aspiration is to nurture spiritual development in each person, fostering a continuous process that builds upon the progress of fellow members within the body of Christ. Within this framework, every individual 19 Ibid., 2:614. 20 Roger Patulny, and Marlee Bower. "Beware the “loneliness Gap”? Examining Emerging Inequalities and long‐term Risks of Loneliness and Isolation Emerging from COVID‐ 19." The Australian Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 3 (2022): 562-583. 21 Maghboeba, Mosavel, Ariel Hoadley, Aderonke A. Akinkugbe, Dina T. Garcia, and Sarah Bauerle Bass. "Religiosity and COVID-19: Impact on use of Remote Worship and Changes in Self-Reported Social Support." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (2022): 9891.

10 contributes uniquely, offering their distinct roles and gifts, thereby enabling the church to flourish through the profound interconnection of its members. The significance of these theological principles in contemporary Christian life and church ministry cannot be overstated. It is essential that the church apply the following three points from Ephesians 4:7-16 as the world begins to recover from the global trauma of the last three years. The first point emphasizes the importance of the entire church developing into a cohesive body through our shared relationship with Christ. Within this context, every individual Christian plays a critical role in contributing to the growth of the church. Furthermore, gifted leaders emerge among us to serve as catalysts in advancing this growth until our Lord's anticipated return. 22 A Maturing United Body Understanding the concept of individuals forming a single, unified entity, as seen in Paul's perspective on the church, can be challenging for Americans and those from the global west. However, an ecological viewpoint can shed light on this idea. Paul's language suggests that much like an ecosystem comprises interconnected components creating a cohesive whole, he encourages believers in the church to perceive themselves not merely as individuals with shared beliefs but as an integrated entity. Paul's ecological perspective on the church becomes evident in the terminology he uses, emphasizing the interconnectedness and unity of its members. In essence, Paul's ecological thinking underscores the idea that the universal church is meant to mature as a united and interdependent body, akin to the harmony within an ecosystem. 23 22 Max Turner, “Ephesians,” in New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition , ed. D. A. Carson et al., 4th ed. (Leicester, England; Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994), 1237. 23 Stephen D. Lowe and Mary E. Lowe, Ecologies of Faith in a Digital Age: Spiritual Growth through Online Education (Downer’s Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2018), 160.

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11 Everyone Has a Role to Play This interconnectedness and mutual spiritual influence among believers within the body of Christ hold profound significance in the life of the church and for individual Christians. It underscores that every member, with their unique gifts and contributions, plays a pivotal role in the collective spiritual growth and well-being of the community. Individuals, each bear a crucial responsibility in shaping their collective spiritual impact on one another within the body of Christ. Each member represents a unique spiritual entity, intricately interconnected with Christ, who is the head, and with fellow believers. This interconnectedness among Christians forms a spiritual ecology, enabling the exertion of mutual spiritual influence as they engage and interact. Consequently, the unity of the whole and the contributions of individual parts continually influence and shape one another, emphasizing the indispensable role each Christian plays in contributing to the church's growth and spiritual vitality. 24 Promoting Cohesive Unity The contemporary landscape of our highly interconnected and digitalized world underscores the diverse channels through which Christians can fulfill their roles within the body of Christ. Just as Paul emphasized the multifaceted gifts of Apostles, prophets, evangelists, shepherds, and teachers for the edification of the church, today's believers engage in a broad spectrum of interactions and experiences. Whether through physical gatherings in local communities, virtual meetings across the globe, or online platforms, Christians have unprecedented opportunities to exercise their spiritual gifts, fostering unity, knowledge, and growth within the body of Christ. This digital age amplifies the importance of recognizing and 24 Stephen D. Lowe and Mary E. Lowe, Ecologies of Faith in a Digital Age: Spiritual Growth through Online Education (Downer’s Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2018), 216.

12 utilizing individual talents and callings in various settings, all contributing to the shared mission of building up the church and advancing God's kingdom. 25 Drawing from the ecology model, it becomes evident that God's Spirit is not bound by physical proximity or geographical boundaries. Whether believers gather in a local, face-to-face community or connect online with members dispersed across the globe, the divine work of transformation and spiritual formation can take place. This highlights the universal and inclusive nature of God's presence and His ability to impact and nurture the spiritual growth of believers, regardless of their physical location or mode of interaction. 26 Conclusion Paul's depiction of the body of Christ, seamlessly aligns with the contemporary landscape of digital and online Christian gatherings. These ideas apply to virtual settings, just as Paul emphasized the unity of Christians in first century church communities. Online Christian communities from all around the world are now able to come together. The idea that each member of the body of Christ has a distinct role and gift is especially pertinent in an age when people can offer their skills, perspectives, and experiences via the internet. Christians can actualize Paul's vision of a unified, diverse, and mutually supportive community of believers through virtual meetings across the world, building a profound spiritual connection that transcends geography. Paul's theological perspectives resonate with the changing dynamics of Christian gatherings, both physical and virtual, highlighting the importance of unity, variety, and spiritual advancement. 25 Ibid., 221. 26 Ibid., 220.

13 Understanding the profound significance of Christ's incarnation, crucifixion, and resurrection, which ushered in Messianic peace, blessing, and grace, carries great weight in the life of a believer. It serves as a constant reminder of the transformative power of Jesus' sacrificial work on the cross. This awareness should ignite a deep well of gratitude within the heart, prompting worship that stems from a profound appreciation of the salvation and reconciliation offered through Christ. Furthermore, this understanding should kindle a fervent desire to share the life-changing message of salvation with others, as it encapsulates the essence of the Christian faith and the hope it extends to all who seek redemption and reconciliation with God. In conclusion, Ephesians 4:7-16 stands as an enduring beacon of significance, offering contemporary believers’ profound guidance in their journey towards nurturing a spiritually vibrant and harmonious church. These verses underscore the importance of wholeheartedly embracing one's distinctive responsibilities and talents in service to Christ, fostering a sense of unity, diversity, and shared purpose within the faith community. As a timeless framework for Christian life and church ministry, these theological principles provide invaluable direction. They encourage believers to explore and utilize their unique roles and gifts, prioritize spiritual growth, exercise discernment, cultivate a loving and supportive community, and boldly proclaim the transformative message of Christ's redemptive work to a world in need. In essence, Ephesians 4:7-16 continues to illuminate the path towards a flourishing and spiritually enriched Christian community in the contemporary age.

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14 Bibliography “4:7-16 The Gifts of Christ” in Reformation Commentary on Scripture, New Testament X. Edited by Gerald L. Bray, Downers Grove, Illinois, 2011. Bruce, F. F., The Epistle to the Ephesians: A Verse-by-Verse Exposition . Bath, UK: Creative Communications, 2012. Bruce, F. F. New Testament History . New York, New York, Doubleday, 1980. Buisson, J. C. Du. “Philippians” in A New Commentary on Holy Scripture: Including the Apocrypha. Edited by Charles Gore, Henry Leighton Goudge, and Alfred Guillaume, New York: The Macmillan Company, 1942. Calvin, John, “God Has Delegated His Work to Human Beings” in Reformation Commentary on Scripture, New Testament X. Edited by Gerald L. Bray. Downers Grove, Illinois, 2011. Hoehner, Harold W. “Ephesians.” In The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures. Edited by J. F. Walvoord and R. B. Zuck, 2:614. Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985. Jamieson, Robert, A. R. Fausset, and David Brown . Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. Vol. 2 . Oak Harbor: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1997. Lowe, Stephen D., and Lowe, Mary E. Ecologies of Faith in a Digital Age: Spiritual Growth through Online Education . Downer’s Grove: IVP Academic, 2018. Mosavel Maghboeba, Ariel Hoadley, Aderonke A. Akinkugbe, Dina T. Garcia, and Sarah Bauerle Bass. "Religiosity and COVID-19: Impact on use of Remote Worship and Changes in Self-Reported Social Support." in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (2022): 9891. Max, Turner. “Ephesians.” In New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition. edited by D. A. Carson, R. T. France, J. A. Motyer, and G. J. Wenham, 4th ed. Downers Grove: Inter- Varsity Press, 1994. Patulny, Roger and Marlee Bower. "Beware the “loneliness Gap” Examining Emerging Inequalities and long‐term Risks of Loneliness and Isolation Emerging from COVID‐ 19." In The Australian Journal of Social Issues 57, no. 3 (2022): 562-583. Thielman, Frank S. “Ephesians.” In Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament . Edited by G.K. Beale and D.A. Carson. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2007

20231006 RTCH 500 Exegesis Research Paper Gifts of Christ Eph 4 DK

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