PHYS110 Lab #6

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110

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Physics

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Apr 3, 2024

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Instructor Caio Cesar Souto de Souza Physics 110 Lab Department of Physics and Astronomy Hunter College PHYSICS LABORATORY #6 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Carolina Morales 24292773 Biological Sciences Department Biological Sciences: Basic Concentration Major Lab Partners: Emely Torres, Miriam Muladze Date of Experiment: 10/19/2023 Date of Submission: 10/25/2023

Introduction: In this lab, students were introduced to two kinds of energy called kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. Potential energy is the energy held on by an object that has yet to be released. The total between the two energies is called mechanical energy. A sensor cart is moved down an inclined track to exhibit the energies introduced. As a result of the experiment, the relationship between kinetic and potential energy will be shown. In the second part of the lab, everything is kept the same except for a friction block attached to the cart. This is meant to see if the mechanical energy is constant throughout the testing with friction. Equipment: ● Sensor cart ● Sensor track ● Friction block ● Electronic balance ● Meter Stick Procedure: 1. Measure the distance between the leveling feet, L, the elevation of the higher end, H, and the mass of the car, M. Calculate the angle. 2. Place the cart on the track, ensuring the arrow points uphill. 3. Open the Graphical Analysis software on the computer and connect the sensor. a. Two graphs should be seen: position and velocity-time graphs. 4. Click Position and choose Reverse to make the downhill direction positive 5. Sketch predictions for the kinetic, potential, and mechanical-time graphs when the cart goes down the ramp. 6. Zero the cart's position, click Collect and let the cart go. a. Make sure to catch the cart before it hits the end stop. 7. Zoom in on the graphs and take a screenshot 8. Record the position and velocity at five different times 9. Record the acceleration readings from the velocity graph using Tangent. 10. Calculate the potential, kinetic, and total energy. Plot the energies as a function of time. a. Compare the predicted and measured graphs 11. Calculate g using the equation and compare it to the accepted value. 𝑔 = 𝑎 ?𝑖?Θ 12. For this part, attach the friction block to the cart. 13. Lightly press on the friction block to stop the cart from sliding down. 14. Repeat steps 5-8 with the friction block. 15. Calculate the value of the friction force using your knowledge of mechanical energy. 16. Use the electronic balance to find the mass of the friction block a. Find the dynamic friction coefficient between the friction block and the track.

Data Collection: Distance between the leveling feet = 117cm → 1.17m Elevation of the higher feet, H = 13cm → 0.13m Mass of the cart, M = 290g → 0.290kg Angle, Θ = 6. 34 Table 1 without friction: Time (s) Position, x Height Potential Energy Velocity (v) Kinetic Energy Total Energy 1 0.02 0.294 0.032 0.091 J 0 m/s 0 J 0.091 J 2 0.50 0.272 0.03 0.085 J -0.198 0.0057 J 0.0907 J 3 1.02 0.052 0.005 0.014 J -0.643 0.060 J 0.074 J 4 1.50 -0.355 -0.03 -0.085 J -1.053 0.161 J 0.076 J 5 2.02 -0.686 -0.07 -0.199 J -0.112 0.00182 J -0.197 J ● Acceleration of the cart: 0.747 ? ? 2 Different Energies vs. Time Graphs:

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Measuring g: 𝑔 = 𝑎 ?𝑖?Θ 𝑔 = 0.747 ?𝑖? (6.34) 𝑔 = 6. 76 ? ? 2 Effect of Friction: ● There is no static friction when the cart on the ramp is not moving since there is no existing friction force. ● The static friction depends on how hard you press the friction block because the harder you press, the more force is needed to move the object. Therefore, more friction force, in turn, more static force. Table 2 with friction: Time (s) Position, x Height Potential Energy Velocity (v) Kinetic Energy Total Energy 1 0.02 -0.754 -0.083 -0.236 -0.177 0.0045 -0.232 2 0.50 -0.903 -0.099 -0.281 -0.355 0.018 -0.263 3 1.02 -1.095 -0.121 -0.344 -0.398 0.023 -0.321 4 1.50 -1.302 -0.144 -0.409 -0.469 0.032 -0.377 5 1.86 -1.480 -0.163 -0.463 -0.511 0.038 -0.425 Different Energies vs. Time:

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Friction Force: Work friction = mechanical energy (final) - mechanical energy (initial) 𝑊 𝐹 =− 0. 425 − (− 0. 232) acting on the cart 𝑊 𝐹 =− 0. 193𝑁 Friction Coefficient: Mass of the block: 84.6g → 0.0846kg Normal force = ?𝑎 = 0. 0290?𝑔(9. 8 ? ? 2 ) = 2. 842𝑁 𝐾 𝐹 = 𝑊 𝐹 ?𝑖?𝑝?𝑎?????? = −0.193 −0.726 = 0. 266𝑁 Therefore, µ? = 𝐾 𝐹 𝐹 𝑁 µ? = 0.266𝑁 2.842𝑁 µ? = 0. 094 Screenshot of the graphs obtained in Step 3:

Screenshot of the position and velocity graphs of cart motion with friction: Conclusion: In conclusion, after running the experiment the first time without friction, it was that the relationship between potential and kinetic energy is indirect. As the kinetic energy was increasing, the potential energy was decreasing. This is because as the cart’s speed was increasing, the height above the table was decreasing. The mechanical energy did not change much. In the second part of the experiment, the same steps were repeated, except that a friction block was attached to the cart. My partners and I saw the exact correlation between kinetic and potential energy in the first part of the experiment. The mechanical energy was constant even with the addition of friction. This lab was a fun, hands-on experiment to help students make connections between the different types of energies. Acknowledgments : My lab partners Emely Torres, Miriam Muladze, and I worked together during this experiment to obtain all of the data and information provided in this lab report. Appendix : ● Hunter College Physics Faculty (2002), Physics 110 Lab Manual (Rev.ed) Marino

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