Mikayla Chacon Research Paper 3

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Oct 30, 2023

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Research Question: To what extent did misinformation of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and its supposed connection to autism spread through online journalism influence one's decision to get themselves or their children vaccinated in England from 1998-2011? Draft Thesis Statement: To a medium extent the misinformation of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and its supposed connection to autism spread through online journalism influence one’s decision to get themselves of their children vaccine in England from 1998-2011 as vaccination rates dropped slightly following the publication of Wafefield’s (1998) study. However, fears about the findings of the study claiming a link between the MMR vaccine and autism have stayed present. Outline: Introduction: Why my question matters: By understanding how misinformation spread through online journalism platforms influences public health (such as the decision for one to get themselves or their children vaccinated), we can enact methods and strategies that aim to limit the spread of misinformation, and the negative effects of that on public health. Background: - A study by Dr. AJ Wakefield, published through The Lancet on February 28, 1998 discussed the onset of behavioral symptoms associated, by the parents, with the MMR vaccination, suggesting a link with vaccination of the MMR vaccine and autism. In 2010, 12 years after the study was originally published, The Lancet retracted the findings of the study.

- Today, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people should get the MMR vaccine to protect against measles, mumps, and rubella and should get two doses starting with the first dose being at 12-15 months of age, and the second dose being at 4 through 6 years of age (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). - Misinformation will be defined as information that is not factual or information that is exaggerated. - Online journalism will be defined as online publishing methods, such as The Lancet, which makes it easier to spread information. Body Section 1: The initial impact of Wakefield’s study - Decline in vaccination rates. - DeStefano and Shimaburkuro: - They discuss Wakefield’s (1998) study, and how some parents are still hesitant to accept MMR vaccination for their children, and how this has led to outbreaks. - Examine Tannous et al (MMR Vaccine coverage in England at 2 years of age 1988-1989 to 2010-2011).

Body Section 2: Disproving Wakefield’s study (finding no link between MMR vaccination and autism) - Mäkelä et al: - Found no link between MMR vaccination and autism, and essentially disproved Wakefield’s study, exemplifying the idea that the results of their study was misinformation. - Incline in vaccination rates. Body Section 3: How the vaccine-autism myth still lingers today - Quick and Larson: - They specifically discuss online journalism, and specifically social media, effects on vaccination. Also discusses Wakefueld’s study, and how he was de-licensed by medical authorities for his deceit and “callous disregard” for children in his care. They specifically mention that it took “nearly two decades for the UK

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immunization rates to recover.” He also discusses 3 parts in protecting parents and children from myths such as this one. - Kmietowicz: - MMR controversy has left parents emotionally scarred, study finds. Conclusion: - Implications for the future and ways to prevent the spread of misinformation through online journalism to prevent future germ panic. - DeStefano and Shimaburkuro: - Discuss how health-care providers have a very important role in promoting and maintaining confidence in vaccination to prevent consequences from vaccine-preventable diseases. - Limit the amount of misinformation spread through online publishing sources by peer viewing studies.

Works Cited Boghani, Priyanka. “Officials Say Social Media Plays a Role in the Spread of Vaccine Misinformation.” Frontline, 7 March 2019, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/officials-say-social-media-plays-a-role-in-the- spread-of-vaccine-misinformation/ . Accessed 12 October 2023. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “What Everyone Should Know.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/public/index.html . Accessed 20 October 2023. DeStefano, Frank, and Tom Shimabukuro. “The MMR Vaccine and Autism.” National Library of Medicine, 15 April 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6768751/ . Accessed 11 October 2023. Kmietowicz, Zosia. “MMR controversy has left parents emotionally scarred, study finds.” National Library of Medicine, 7 April 2007, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847896/ . Accessed 12 October 2023. Mäkelä, Annamari, et al. “Neurologic disorders after the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination.” National Library of Medicine, November 2002, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12415036/ . Accessed 11 October 2023. Quick, Jonathan, and Heidi Larson. “The Vaccine-Autism Myth Started 20 Years Ago. Here’s Why It Still Endures Today.” Time, 28 February 2018, https://time.com/5175704/andrew-wakefield-vaccine-autism/ . Accessed 12 October 2023. Tannous, Leen, et al. “A short clinical review of vaccination against measles.” ResearchGate, April 2014,

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/MMR-vaccine-coverage-in-England-at-2-years-of-ag e-1988-1989-to-2010-2011-based-on-HPA_fig1_264244896 . Accessed 12 October 2023. Thorsteinsson, Elnar, et al. “To Vaccinate or Not: The Relative Impact of Attitudes toward Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Ability to Interpret Scientific Information on Vaccination Decisions.” MDPI, 8 April 2020, https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/7/2542 . Accessed 12 October 2023. Wakefield, AJ, et al. “RETRACTED: IIleal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children.” The Lancet, 28 February 1998, https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673697110960/fulltext . Accessed 11 October 2023.

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