Earth Science June 2022 Test

P.S./EARTH SCIENCE P.S./EARTH SCIENCE The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION PHYSICAL SETTING EARTH SCIENCE Friday, June 17, 2022 — 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., only The possession or use of any communications device is strictly prohibited when taking this examination. If you have or use any communications device, no matter how briefly, your examination will be invalidated and no score will be calculated for you. Use your knowledge of Earth science to answer all questions in this examination. Before you begin this examination, you must be provided with the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science . You will need these reference tables to answer some of the questions. You are to answer all questions in all parts of this examination. You may use scrap paper to work out the answers to the questions, but be sure to record your answers on your answer sheet and in your answer booklet. A separate answer sheet for Part A and Part B–1 has been provided to you. Follow the instructions from the proctor for completing the student information on your answer sheet. Record your answers to the Part A and Part B–1 multiple-choice questions on this separate answer sheet. Record your answers for the questions in Part B–2 and Part C in your separate answer booklet. Be sure to fill in the heading on the front of your answer booklet. All answers in your answer booklet should be written in pen, except for graphs and drawings, which should be done in pencil. When you have completed the examination, you must sign the declaration printed on your separate answer sheet, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to the examination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questions during the examination. Your answer sheet and answer booklet cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration. Notice … A four-function or scientific calculator and a copy of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science must be available for you to use while taking this examination. DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN.

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [2] 1 Astronomers have determined that the star Arcturus has a surface temperature of 4560 K and a luminosity of 170. Based on these characteristics, Arcturus is classified as which type of star? (1) giant (3) white dwarf (2) supergiant (4) main sequence 2 The image below shows the near-Earth asteroid Itokawa. 540 meters Which surface feature would be created if Itokawa hit Earth’s surface? (1) volcanic crater (3) mountain valley (2) impact crater (4) rift valley 3 The north end of Earth’s axis of rotation points toward (1) Alpha Centauri (3) Polaris (2) Betelgeuse (4) Spica 4 What is the approximate percentage of Earth’s surface that is covered by the hydrosphere? (1) 10 % (3) 70 % (2) 50 % (4) 90 % 5 The table below shows the times of high tides and low tides for a coastal location. Tides Type of Tide Time high 4:44 a.m. low 11:07 a.m. high 5:10 p.m. low 11:33 p.m. How much time occurred between the high tides on this day? (1) approximately 6.5 hours (2) a little less than 12 hours (3) almost 12.5 hours (4) a little more than 24 hours 6 The map below shows a weather variable recorded at the same time across the United States. 43 49 32 33 54 56 56 47 59 69 71 31 72 69 89 13 11 26 24 29 75 62 54 55 68 67 59 65 54 58 49 19 23 29 15 18 16 19 15 22 25 28 36 29 38 35 47 47 45 35 47 56 44 36 34 33 53 48 45 42 64 57 73 66 79 65 28 39 26 85 According to the data on the map, which weather variable was most likely recorded? (1) wind speed in knots (2) air pressure in millibars (3) rainfall in inches in the last 6 hours (4) air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit Part A Answer all questions in this part. Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science . Record your answers on your separate answer sheet.

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [4] 9 The diagram below represents a portion of the water cycle. Letters A , B , C , and D represent processes or features related to the water cycle. Arrows represent movement of water. Water Cycle D Key A C B unsaturated soil saturated soil Which table correctly matches these letters with the processes or features related to the water cycle? Letter Process or Feature A Groundwater B Precipitation C Water table D Evaporation (1) Letter Process or Feature A Groundwater B In fi ltration C Water table D Transpiration (2) Letter Process or Feature A Water table B Runoff C Groundwater D Precipitation (3) Letter Process or Feature A Water table B In fi ltration C Groundwater D Transpiration (4)

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [5] [OVER] 10 The leading edge of a thunderstorm reached Elmira, New York, at 1:00 p.m. This thunderstorm was moving eastward at 45 miles per hour. The leading edge of the thunderstorm most likely reached Binghamton, New York, at approximately (1) 1:00 p.m. (3) 12:00 p.m. (2) 2:00 p.m. (4) 4:00 p.m. 11 An air temperature of 30°C is equal to (1) – 1°F (3) 83°F (2) 68°F (4) 86°F 12 The subtropical jet streams are fast flowing air currents located in the atmosphere about 10 kilometers above the surface of Earth. In which layer of the atmosphere are the subtropical streams located? (1) stratosphere (3) troposphere (2) mesosphere (4) thermosphere 13 Which substance given off by a volcano is most likely to cause global cooling following a large volcanic eruption? (1) carbon dioxide (3) water vapor (2) airborne ash (4) methane 14 The table below shows general climate conditions of four different locations, A , B , C , and D . Location Annual Temperature Range (°C) Annual Precipitation (cm) A –3 to 10 100 B –15 to 4 70 C 0 to 16 50 D 10 to 28 165 In which location is chemical weathering probably greatest, based on these climate conditions? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 15 The picture below shows a calorimeter being used to demonstrate a method of heat transfer. One cup is filled with hot water, and the other cup is filled with cold water. A metal bar extends through the lids into the water in both cups. Thermometers record changes in temperature. This calorimeter demonstrates the transfer of heat through the metal bar from (1) cold water to hot water by conduction (2) cold water to hot water by radiation (3) hot water to cold water by conduction (4) hot water to cold water by radiation 16 At the end of which geologic time period were the continents of South America and Africa joined together and entirely located south of the equator? (1) Paleogene Period (3) Permian Period (2) Jurassic Period (4) Devonian Period

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [7] [OVER] 20 Block diagram A below represents normal surface ocean currents and the upwelling of colder water in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Block diagram B represents a reversal of surface ocean currents and decreased upwelling in the same region, initiating an El Niño event. Adapted from: Moran, Joseph. Weather Studies: Introduction to Atmospheric Science . Higher Sea level Easterlies West Diagram A Normal Conditions Surface water flows westward along Equator East Pacific Ocean Lower sea level Upwelling Colder Ocean Water Surface water flows eastward along Equator Easterlies weaken Pacific Ocean Sea level rises Colder Ocean Water Diagram B El Niño Conditions Less upwelling Upwelling Sea level drops East West Warmer surface water builds up in the eastern Pacific Ocean during an El Niño event because the speed of the Easterlies (1) decreases and upwelling decreases (3) increases and upwelling decreases (2) decreases and upwelling increases (4) increases and upwelling increases

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [8] 21 Ordovician-age crinoid fossils of tropical marine origin are found in the bedrock of the Hudson- Mohawk lowlands region of New York State. This provides evidence that New York State was once located at a (1) lower latitude and lower elevation (2) lower latitude and higher elevation (3) higher latitude and lower elevation (4) higher latitude and higher elevation 22 The photograph below shows the New York State fossil Eurypterus remipes . Eurypterus fossils are most likely to be found in surface bedrock near (1) Elmira (3) Watertown (2) Mt. Marcy (4) Niagara Falls 23 The study of fossil evidence suggests that humans (1) lived on the continent of Pangaea (2) lived at the same time as dinosaurs (3) have existed for a very brief time in geologic history (4) have existed during most of geologic time 24 What is occurring at the Southeast Indian Ridge? (1) New oceanic crust is forming. (2) Old oceanic crust is being destroyed. (3) New continental crust is forming. (4) Old continental crust is being destroyed. 25 The cross sections below represent two rock outcrops labeled I and II. Letters A , B , C , D , and X identify rock layers. The rock layers have not been overturned. Outcrop I X Outcrop II B A C D Which rock layer in outcrop II best correlates with layer X in outcrop I? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D 26 Which igneous rock formed from magma that cooled slowly and is composed of 5 % amphibole, 8 % biotite, 15 % plagioclase feldspar, 37 % quartz, and 35 % potassium feldspar? (1) rhyolite (3) diorite (2) granite (4) scoria 27 A mudslide is most likely to occur on a hillslope having soil that is (1) saturated with water and without vegetation (2) saturated with water and covered by vegetation (3) unsaturated and without vegetation (4) unsaturated and covered by vegetation

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [10] 31 The sequence of diagrams below represent three stages in the formation of a geologic feature over time. 1 2 3 Geologic feature sediment sediment Glacier Glacier Ice sediment Which geologic feature is formed by this process? (1) drumlin (3) finger lake (2) dune (4) kettle lake 32 Which mineral has cleavage in two directions and is commonly used to manufacture ceramics? (1) muscovite mica (3) fluorite (2) potassium feldspar (4) olivine 33 A mixture of rounded pebbles and sand was deposited in a river. Over time, these sediments were compacted and cemented together to form the sedimentary rock (1) conglomerate (3) breccia (2) sandstone (4) shale 34 The map below shows a portion of Matagorda Island. This barrier island is located along the coast of Texas in the Gulf of Mexico. Texas Matagorda Island Gulf of Mexico Which agent of erosion is primarily responsible for the formation of Matagorda Island? (1) streams (3) wave action (2) moving ice (4) wind 35 A primary difference between sedimentary rocks and nonsedimentary rocks is that (1) nonsedimentary rocks contain an abundance of fossils (2) nonsedimentary rocks originate in regions of great heat and/or pressure (3) sedimentary rocks are currently found only in marine locations (4) sedimentary rocks are formed at plate bound- aries

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [11] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 36 and 37 on the table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table describes some types of limestone. Types of Limestone Limestone Name Description Chalk thick accumulations of microscopic shells of tiny organisms with calcite cement Coquina poorly cemented shells and shell fragments Coral skeletons of coral organisms with calcite cement Travertine deposits left by hot springs or dripping water in caves 36 Which limestone is classified as inorganic? (1) chalk (3) coral (2) coquina (4) travertine 37 The photograph below shows one type of limestone described in the table. daniellesdives.files.wordpress.com This type of limestone is best identified as (1) chalk (3) coral (2) coquina (4) travertine Part B–1 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (36–50): For each statement or question, choose the word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science . Record your answers on your separate answer sheet.

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [13] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 41 through 43 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents a section of Earth’s lithosphere along the coast of Japan. The epicenter of a large magnitude earthquake that occurred on March 11, 2011 is indicated. Devastation occurred mainly in the low-lying coastal areas of Japan closest to the epicenter. Letter A represents a geologic feature. Magma Oceanic crust Japan Earthquake epicenter A Oceanic crust Sea of Japan Pacific Ocean (Not drawn to scale) Melting crust 41 Which type of tectonic plate boundary is represented in the cross-section? (1) complex (3) convergent (2) transform (4) divergent 42 The geologic feature indicated by letter A is (1) a hot spot (3) an ocean trench (2) an island arc (4) an igneous intrusion 43 What most likely caused the major devastation along the flat coastal areas of Japan as a result of this earthquake? (1) crustal downwarping (3) landslides (2) lava flows (4) a tsunami

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [14] Base your answers to questions 44 through 46 on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the effect of Earth’s atmosphere on energy from the Sun. Arrows labeled A , B , C , D , and E represent some possible paths of this insolation. The dashed arrows represent energy reradiated from Earth’s surface. Atmosphere Earth’s surface A B Energy from the Sun C D E 44 Which arrows represent reflected insolation? (1) A and E (3) C and D (2) B and C (4) D and A 45 Compared to path D , the amount of energy reaching Earth’s surface following path B is likely (1) less, because atmospheric transparency is less (2) less, because atmospheric transparency is greater (3) more, because atmospheric transparency is less (4) more, because atmospheric transparency is greater 46 Which type of surface material absorbs and reradiates the greatest amount of energy? (1) white with a smooth texture (3) dark with a smooth texture (2) white with a rough texture (4) dark with a rough texture

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [16] Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The diagram represents the apparent change in direction of the swing of a scientific device over a period of five hours. This device provides evidence of Earth’s rotation. Steel ball Floor 5 Hours 4 3 2 1 Swing Wire 200 feet long 0 49 Which diagram represents the correct direction of Earth’s rotation? W E S Equator N W E S N Equator W E S N Equator Equator W E S N (1) (2) (3) (4) 50 Approximately how many degrees does Earth rotate on its axis over this five-hour period? (1) 15° (3) 75° (2) 45° (4) 90°

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [17] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 51 through 53 on the block diagram below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The block diagram represents an east coast location near the southern tip of South America. Arrows represent incoming and outgoing radiation. Outgoing radiation City South Atlantic Ocean Beach Snow covered mountains Incoming radiation N (Not drawn to scale) 51 Other than latitude, identify the climate factor that produces the cold temperatures responsible for the snow-covered mountains. [ 1 ] 52 Complete the table in your answer booklet by using terms to describe how the relative daytime air temperature and the relative daytime air pressure over the beach and ocean are different in the summer months. [ 1 ] 53 On the set of axes in your answer booklet , draw a line that generally represents the average monthly air temperatures from January to December at the Southern Hemisphere city shown in the diagram. [ 1 ] Part B–2 Answer all questions in this part. Directions (51–65): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet. Some questions may require the use of the 2011 Edition Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Earth Science .

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [19] [OVER] Base your answers to questions 58 through 60 on the photograph below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The photograph shows a glacier located in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska. Letter A indicates a moraine. The glacier previously flowed down the entire valley. The lower portion of this valley is now occupied by a stream. Letter B represents a location within the stream. A B 58 Describe the arrangement of sediments found within the moraine indicated by letter A . [ 1 ] 59 Identify the name of the largest particles that can be transported by the stream at letter B if the stream velocity is 20 centimeters per second. [ 1 ] 60 Describe the cross-sectional shape of the valley created by this glacier. [ 1 ]

P.S./E. Sci.–June ’22 [20] Base your answers to questions 61 through 63 on the data table below, on the map in your answer booklet , and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the date, location, barometric pressure, and wind speed at the center of Hurricane Irma at 12 noon from September 7 through September 11, 2017. The map in your answer booklet shows the latitude and longitude coordinates and a portion of the southeast United States and the Caribbean. Hurricane Irma Data Table Date Latitude Longitude Barometric Pressure (mb) Wind Speed (knots) Sept. 7 20° N 69° W 921 157 Sept. 8 22° N 75° W 927 130 Sept. 9 23° N 80° W 937 113 Sept. 10 25° N 82° W 929 118 Sept. 11 30° N 83° W 970 61 61 On the map in your answer booklet , plot the latitude and longitude locations of Hurricane Irma that are listed in the data table. Connect all five plots with a line. [ 1 ] 62 Describe the general relationship between the barometric pressure and wind speed for Hurricane Irma. [ 1 ] 63 According to the information in the data table, identify the name of the warm ocean current that caused Hurricane Irma to strengthen on Sept. 10. [ 1 ]