Copy of GS108 Lab 1_online

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Linn Benton Community College *

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108

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Geography

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Dec 6, 2023

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pdf

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GS 108 LAB 1 – THE COLLECTION OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA (~2 hours) Purpose In this lab you will look at some of the different ways that oceanographic data are collected. These data help oceanographers make decisions on questions like “When are conditions optimal for fishing?”, “When will waves become extreme and thus potentially be dangerous?”, or “How is climate change affecting the ocean?” These questions won’t be answered in this lab, but instead you will learn about the data collection tools that oceanographers use to answer such questions. Learning Objectives ● Recognize several of the common sensors and platforms used to collect data about the oceans ● Locate oceanographic arrays on a world map by latitude, longitude, and ocean basin name. ● Determine latitude and longitude for locations ● Identify tools used in examples of scientific research Tasks This lab has four parts: ● In part 1, you will learn about how data about the ocean are collected from the Ocean Observing Initiative (OOI). ● In part 2, you will learn about the geography of the oceans and land masses, by looking at where OOI arrays are located. ● In part 3, you will learn about latitude and longitude. ● In part 3, you will learn about the types of questions oceanographers might ask. You will need to navigate to https://datalab.marine.rutgers.edu/ooi-lab-exercises/lab-1-the-collection-of-oceanographic-data/ The readings, maps, data, and questions needed to complete the lab are found at this site. Please record your answers in a colored font to the activities in the textboxes in the following pages. Save your work as a PDF (by selecting File →Download→ PDF) and submit it to Moodle by Sunday at 11:59 p.m. Criteria You will be graded using a rubric that assesses how you have met the learning objectives above. The rubric is located in Moodle.
Complete the lab and use this form as your answer sheet. Type answers in the Text boxes which will expand as you type in them Lab 1.1 HOW ARE THE DATA ABOUT THE OCEAN COLLECTED? 1. Which instrument measures the intensity of an earthquake or the shaking of the Earth? Seismometer 2. If you want to study life on the bottom of the ocean and need to observe a squid for a long period of time, but have limited funds, would you use an HOV or ROV? Explain why you chose your answer. I would use a ROV to do my research. They are controlled via a joystick which provides a safer option compared to being manned by real people, which is also more cost effective. This option allows real-time research and images for longer periods of time due to the lack of human life at risk and remote controls. 3. Explain the difference between a Telemetered versus Cabled Array. Cabled arrays are located at the bottom of the sea floor, with cables that transmit the data to shore while Telemetered Arrays are buoys on the surface that transmit information to the top of Moorings then to satellites to get back to scientists. 4. Which type of sensor can be deployed off a ship, can detect depth, salinity and temperature of the water and take discrete water samples at specific depths? CTD 5. Which type of platform would you use to monitor wind speed and wave height? Moorings LAB 1.2 – WHERE ARE THE OOI ARRAYS LOCATED? 1. Complete the following table, identifying the ocean basin where each OOI array is located, the nearest land mass, and the nearest country, major city or U.S. state. Array Ocean Basin Nearest Land Mass Papa Pacific North America/Alaska Pioneer Atlantic East coast of North America, Maine Endurance Pacific North America, Washington Irminger Sea Atlantic Greenland Southern Ocean South Pacific South America 2. In the seas around Greenland water sinks to the seafloor and, over the course of about 1000 years, travels throughout the deep ocean basins eventually reaching the North Pacific Ocean. a. What array is closest to the point where water sinks? Irminger Sea b. What array is closest to the end of the 1000 year circulation pattern? Papa
3. Another deep ocean water mass, called Antarctic Bottom Water, forms in the sea around Antarctica. Which of the OOI arrays is located closest to this point, so may give us data on how this water mass forms? Argentine or Southern, perhaps through melting ice 4. If you wanted to study the differences between the shallow ocean on the east and west coast of the United States which arrays would have data from those locations? Coastal Pioneer and Coastal Endurance 5. The Gulf Stream is a major ocean current that travels from south to north along the U.S. east coast. What array is best positioned to take measurements in this current? Coastal Pioneer 6. Each summer, eastern North Pacific gray whales feed in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea and then in the Fall migrate southward along the coast of North America to their winter calving grounds in the warm waters around Mexico, where their calves are born. Which array(s) do they swim past during this migration? They begin near the Papa Array and swim past the Coastal Endurance Array 7. Based on the following map, name the 3 large estuarine systems near the future location of the Pioneer array near the MAB? Albemarle Sound Pamlico Sound Chesapeake Bay 8. In general, why are there 3 different colored blues in the map representing the ocean? The differing shades of blue represent the different levels of depth in the water. LAB 1.3 – HOW DO YOU KNOW EXACTLY WHERE YOU ARE ON EARTH? 1. In figure 1.3.5, how many degrees is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude? Latitude: 30 Degrees Longitude: 30 degrees 2. Which OOI Array is located at 42° 55′ 13” S, 42° 26′ 27” W? Global Argentine Basin 3. Which OOI Array is located at 50° 4′ 47” N, 144° 48′ 22” W? Station Papa 4. In figure 1.3.6, how many degrees or minutes is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude? Latitude: 5 degrees Longitude: 5 degrees 5. What is the latitude and longitude of the Global Southern Ocean mooring?_ Latitude:54°S Longitude: 90°W 6. What is the latitude and longitude of the Global Irminger Sea mooring?
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Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 40°W 7. What is the latitude and longitude of the Coastal Pioneer surface mooring? Latitude: 40°N Longitude: 71°W 8. In figure 1.3.9, how many degrees or minutes is each tick mark or graticule for latitude and for longitude? Latitude: 1°N Longitude: 2°W 9. What is the latitude and longitude of the Coastal Endurance surface mooring? Latitude:44.5°N Longitude: 124°W 10. What is the approximate range of latitude, to the nearest degree and minute only, that is covered by the mobile assets (represented by small airplane-looking icon on map) in the following diagram (Figure 1.3.10)? Latitude Northern limit: 48°N Southern limit: 44.5°S 11. What is the farthest west longitude, to the nearest degree and minute only, that is covered by the mobile asset? (note: the dotted lines represent the tracks of the gliders). 127.5 °W LAB 1.4 – OOI SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS 1. Describe the zooplankton behavior during the eclipse. The zooplankton began their surface migration during the eclipse in the morning and returned back down after the eclipse finished as hypothesized. 2. The LA Times article mentioned that land animals experience a drop in air temperature during an eclipse. Why do scientists know that the zooplankton reacted to light and not to a change in water temperature or some other factor? Because the scientists have already established that zooplankton migrate up at night to avoid predators and migrate back into deeper waters during the day, unrelated to air temperature. The temperature in the ocean during the eclipse also didn’t shift in any substantial ways. 3. The video and article both displayed a graph of zooplankton diel vertical migration data. What does the graph look like? What was the difference in appearance on the day of the eclipse compared to the day before the eclipse? You can see the zooplankton based off of color, moving from the bottom of the graph to the top during nighttime. The day before the eclipse, you see the concentrated amount of zooplankton at the bottom, whereas on the eclipse day, you can see them begin to move upwards and abruptly move back down. 4. In the previous Lab 1 activities, you have learned about other types of platforms and sensors. Pick one other platform or sensor and explain how it could be used to study zooplankton behavior or solar eclipses in general.
You could use ROV’s to research the Zooplankton's movements without the need for humans to venture underwater to observe for hours at a time in order to establish their daily patterns. You could also use a satellite to observe the changes in zooplankton concentration during a solar eclipse and transmit that information back to land.