History discussion 2

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Discussion 2: Markets and Social Movements Name: Carlos Mateus 1. John Lauritz Larson is not the author of the essay “The Market Revolution in Early America: An Introduction.” The author of this essay is Charles G. Sellers. Sellers is qualified as a voice of authority to write history due to his extensive research, academic background, and expertise in the field of American history. Historians are trained to analyze sources, conduct thorough research, and construct historical narratives based on evidence, which Sellers has demonstrated in his work on the Market Revolution in America. Sellers’ publications and contributions to history show his qualifications as a reputable historian. 2. The social transformation at the heart of the Market Revolution is the shift from an agrarian to a capitalist society. The revolution is about the drastic change in the economy that disoriented and coordinated all aspects of the market economy, marking the triumph of capitalism over democracy. Three characteristics related to the Market Revolution are dissolving deeply rooted patterns of behavior and belief for competitive effort, mobilizing collective resources through government to fuel growth by providing essential legal, financial, and transport infrastructures, and establishing capitalist hegemony over economy, politics, and culture, creating a new society and shaping the world we know. 3. Economic factors such as cash crop prices and hourly wages had a significant impact on the Market Revolution in the United States. For instance, the increase in cash crop prices, particularly for crops like cotton, incentivized Southern planters to expand their production, leading to an increased demand for labor, which, in turn, perpetuated the institution of salary. This economic dynamic further entrenched the divide between the North and the South, as the North’s textile industry relied heavily on Southern cotton produced by slave labor. Additionally, fluctuating hourly wages in urban centers during the Market Revolution influenced migration patterns, as workers moved to areas with higher wages, contributing to the growth of industrial cities and the transformation of labor practices. These examples illustrate how economic factors such as cash crop prices and hourly wages shaped the Market Revolution by influencing production, labor systems, and regional disparities.

4. Scholars in the pre-1960s viewed the Market Revolution as a positive force, but historians in the 1960s began to recognize its complexities and negative aspects, leading to a more nuanced interpretation of this historical phenomenon. 5. Robert Fulton is an American engineer and inventor known for developing the first commercially successful steamboat. In the letter, he is likely communicating his ideas and plans for a new invention or project to a potential investor. The recipient of the letter could be someone interested in investing in Fulton’s work, such as a wealthy individual or a businessperson looking to support technology advancements. 6. In his petition to Congress’ role as securing the potential profits of his invention by granting him a monopoly on steamboat navigation on the waters of the United States. This protection allowed him to establish a successful steamboat business without competition. The significance of the federal government in the Market Revolution more broadly was crucial as it played a role in promoting economic growth and innovation through policies such as protective tariffs, infrastructure development, and the establishment of a national banking system, which facilitated the expansion of markets and industries during this transformative period in American history. 7. In his petition to Congress, Robert Fulton identified Congress’ role as securing the potential profits of his invention by granting him a monopoly on steamboat navigation in U.S. waters. This exclusive right allowed Fulton to control the market and maximize his profits. The federal government played a significant role in the Market Revolution by enacting policies such as protective tariffs, internal improvements, and banking regulations that facilitated economic growth industrialization, and the expansion of markets across the nation. The government’s involvement helped shape the transformation of the American economy during this period. 8. The Lowell “factory girls” were young female workers who worked in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution. They engaged in textile manufacturing work, primarily in spinning and weaving. 9. The complaint at the heart of the factory girl letter was the decrease in wages that occurred in 1846, as expressed by Mary A. Paul in her letters.

10. The female factory worker compared her conditions with those of slaves to emphasize the oppressive and exploitative nature of their working conditions. By drawing this comparison, she highlighted the lack of autonomy, low wages, and harsh treatment they experienced, similar to the conditions faced by slaves. Labor unions played a crucial role in negotiating their positions at the factories by advocating for better wages, improved working conditions, and standing up against exploitation by factory owners. The formation of unions, such as the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association, empowered the factory girls to collectively voice their grievances and demand better treatment and compensation. Labor unions helped improve the working conditions and rights of female factory workers by providing a platform for collectice bargaining and advocating for labor reforms. 11. Henry David Thoreau was a leading transcendentalist known for his works “Walden” and “Civil Disobedience”, fitting into the intellectual movement by advocating for individual intuition, the spiritual connection between humanity and nature, and the importance of self-reliance. 12. The core of Thoreau’s message is about living a simple life in tune with nature, rejecting materialism, and advocating for individual conscience and civil disobedience against unjust laws. His call to “simply, simply” urges people to strip away the unnecessary complexities of life to focus on what truly matters. It is a plea for a return to essential truths and values, emphasizing the importance of living deliberately and authentically. 13. Emerson discusses the importance of individualism, nonconformity, and trusting oneself in his essay “Self-Reliance.” He emphasized the idea that truth lies within oneself and that true happiness comes from living based on one’s own values and principles. Self- reliance, according to Emerson, involves avoiding conformity, following one’s instincts, and being independent in thought and action. This concept of self-reliance can be related to the Market Revolution in the sense that during this period in American history, there was a shift towards individualism, personal responsibility, and nonconformity, similar to the values Emerson promotes in his essay. The Market Revolution encouraged economic independence, entrepreneurship, and self-sufficiency, aligning with Emerson’s ideas of self-reliance and the importance of individual growth and fulfillment. Therefore, there is a connection between Emerson’s concept of self-reliance and the values associated with the Market Revolution in terms of promoting independence, personal responability, and the pursuit of individual goals.

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