sci 201 practice milestone 2

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Jan 9, 2024

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21 questions were answered correctly . 1 question was answered incorrectly . 1 After a devastating tsunami destroys many of Japan’s forests, dormant or buried seeds begin to grow again and wildlife slowly returns to its natural habitat. What is this process called?  Species distribution  Habitat fragmentation  Symbiosis  Ecological succession RATIONALE Ecological succession is the process of the creation of a new community, either on barren land or on highly disrupted environments. Since the forest was previously cleared during a tsunami, the new growth there is part of the succession. This process is not a part of habitat fragmentation, species distribution, or symbiosis. CONCEPT Community Ecology Report an issue with this question 2

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According to the graph shown here, which two biomes receive the least amount of precipitation?  Temperate grasslands and steppes  Temperate grasslands and savanna  Tundra and taiga  Tundra and desert RATIONALE According to the graph, tundra and desert biomes receive the least amount of precipitation because they are lowest along the y -axis. Tundra and taiga are lowest on the x -axis, meaning they have the lowest average temperatures. Temperate grasslands and savannas also get small amounts of precipitation, but they get more than deserts. Temperate grasslands and steppes both have average temperatures between 0 and 20 °C, according to the graph. CONCEPT Biomes Report an issue with this question 3 Choose the true statement about the focus of community ecology, population ecology, or ecosystem ecology.  Ecosystem ecology studies mostly small-scale phenomena.  Life tables are used in ecosystem ecology to identify which populations to protect.  Population ecology considers the number and age structures of individuals in an area.  Nonliving elements play an important role in community ecology. RATIONALE

Population ecology considers the number and age structures of individuals in an area, as well as the patterns of dispersion, sex ratio, density, and variability. Nonliving elements play an important role in ecosystem and biosphere ecology, not community ecology. Ecosystem ecology studies mostly large-scale phenomena, not small-scale phenomena. Life tables are used to determine birth, reproduction, and death for populations, not which populations to protect. CONCEPT Ecology Report an issue with this question 4 Select the statement that is NOT true about the impact of an invasive species on an ecosystem.  It can cause an ecosystem to be less productive.  It can change the natural balance in an ecosystem.  It can stabilize the populations of native species.  It can negatively affect the health of an ecosystem. RATIONALE One possibility following the introduction of invasive species is the displacement or death of native species by the new species, rather than population stabilization. Invasive species can also be detrimental to ecosystem health, productivity, and balance. CONCEPT Native and Non-Native Species Report an issue with this question 5 Which statement is true about the energy and trophic levels within a food web?  The energy transfer between trophic levels is a highly efficient process.

 There is no limit to the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem.  Each trophic level receives about 24% of the energy of the preceding level.  It is more effective to eat organisms at lower trophic levels. RATIONALE It is far more energy efficient to consume organisms at lower trophic levels, like primary producers, than at the higher levels, because of the rate at which energy is lost at each level of the trophic pyramid. The energy transfer between trophic levels is very inefficient, with only 10% of the energy in one level moving up to the next level. For this reason, the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem is limited to six. CONCEPT Food Chains and Food Webs Report an issue with this question 6

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According to the graph shown here, in which month is the “carrying capacity” first reached?  Month 6  Month 5  Month 4  Month 7 RATIONALE The blue dotted line represents the carrying capacity for the deer population, which is 900,000 deer on the y -axis. The first time the solid black line representing the size of the deer population crossed the blue dotted line was around 6 months. The deer population had not yet reached carrying capacity after 4 months or 5 months, according to the graph, and had already reached carrying capacity by 7 months. CONCEPT Population Ecology Report an issue with this question 7 Which statement prizes species for their intrinsic value rather than for their ecosystem services?  Redwoods must be preserved because they inspire awe.  Bees are valuable because they pollinate many foods that humans eat.  The cheetah should be protected because it is the fastest land animal in the world.  This lake should be protected because it attracts thousands of tourists every year. RATIONALE This statement exhibits intrinsic value because it implies that cheetahs are valuable as an end unto themselves, not as a means to an end; in

other words, they are valuable because they exist. The other statements exhibit the value of ecosystem services because they imply that bees provide regulating services, the lake provides cultural services, and redwoods provide aesthetic and cultural services. CONCEPT The Role of Individual Species Report an issue with this question 8 Choose the statement that correctly links an area’s physical features to its climate.  The higher the elevation, the warmer it gets.  The closer you get to the equator, the colder it gets.  It gets warmer the farther away you move from large bodies of water.  Land areas far from large bodies of water have little precipitation. RATIONALE An important fact to remember about weather and climate is that the farther you are from a significant body of water, such as the ocean, the drier it is. Proximity to large bodies of water does not affect temperature. It is colder, not warmer, at higher elevations and warmer, not colder, the closer you are to the equator. CONCEPT Earth's Features Report an issue with this question 9 There are many challenges to protecting endangered species, including identifying a species in danger in time to reverse the threat against it. Select a possible solution to the environmental issue of protecting endangered species.

 Eliminating wildlife corridors  Offering incentives to encourage the trade of endangered species  Establishing nature preserves  Encouraging human activity in endangered habitats RATIONALE Establishing nature preserves is one way to protect endangered species. Eliminating wildlife corridors, encouraging the trade of endangered species, and encouraging human activity in endangered habitats would all be detrimental to endangered species. CONCEPT Endangered Species Report an issue with this question 10 Select the example of restoration ecology.  Planting a meadow habitat that will attract butterflies  Harvesting wild mushrooms in a forest  Keeping native plants as landscaping  Planting new grasses to address erosion issues RATIONALE Planting new grasses is associated with restoration ecology because it is a form of restoring damaged or destroyed ecosystems. The other strategies are not associated with restoration ecology. CONCEPT Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology Report an issue with this question 11

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Which statement accurately describes the “estuary” biome?  It can be hot or cold, but it is always very dry.  It tends to have low levels of biodiversity.  Most grazing animals live here.  Fresh water and salt water mix here. RATIONALE Estuaries occur where saltwater and freshwater sources meet, which is usually along shorelines, leading to their high levels of biodiversity. As aquatic biomes. estuaries are not dry and do not have grazing animals. CONCEPT Biomes Report an issue with this question 12 Choose the statement that correctly explains the nitrogen fixation process.  Microorganisms in the roots of certain plants take nitrogen from the air and pass it on to the animals that use it to build DNA, proteins, and muscle.  Fertilizers are needed to fix nitrogen so it is usable; they allow the nitrogen to be absorbed by plants and passed on to the animals that eat them.  When animals die, nitrogen is formed by decomposers in the soil; bacteria attach themselves to plant roots and release the nitrogen into the atmosphere.  Nitrogen is found in DNA and amino acids, which are released through animal urination and absorbed by bacteria in the soil. RATIONALE

Nitrogen fixation is a process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into usable forms by microorganisms that live on the roots of some legumes. Animals then get this nitrogen by consuming the plants and use it to build DNA, proteins, and muscle. CONCEPT Water and Nitrogen Cycles Report an issue with this question 13 Choose the statement that correctly explains how carbon is cycled.  Plants release carbon as sugars; animals consume plants and convert the sugars to carbon dioxide again.  Plants pull carbon dioxide from the air and grow; animals eat plants and grow, releasing carbon dioxide back into the air.  Animals eat plants and create carbon dioxide; plants release carbon and use water and sunlight to grow.  Animals use carbon that is released by plants, which are converted to sugars when ingested and back to carbon dioxide when exhaled. RATIONALE In the carbon cycle, plants consume carbon dioxide as part of photosynthesis. Animals then eat plants and absorb the carbon, which they then release into the atmosphere through their breath. The plants then absorb the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, completing the cycle. CONCEPT Photosynthesis and the Carbon Cycle Report an issue with this question 14 Select the example of an invasive species.  The domestic cat came out of Egypt thousands of years ago.  White-tailed deer thrive in a forest with a wolf population.  The koala is only found in Australia.

 Introduced zebra mussels disrupt the food chain by eating plankton that is food for many fish. RATIONALE Zebra mussels are an example of an invasive species because they are originally from a different environment, have no natural predators or limiting factors in their new environment, and were introduced by human activity. While the white-tailed deer in the forest and the koalas in Australia are native species to those environments, domestic cats are non-native everywhere except Egypt, but they are not an invasive species. CONCEPT Native and Non-Native Species Report an issue with this question 15 Beginning at the first trophic level, which of the following comes first in the food chain order?  Grass  Fungi  Wolves  Deer RATIONALE Grass is first in the food chain because it is a primary producer. Deer are primary consumers, wolves are secondary consumers, and fungi are decomposers. CONCEPT Food Chains and Food Webs Report an issue with this question 16 Select the example of a secondary consumer.

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 Lions chase and eat gazelle.  Plankton absorbs sunlight.  A clump of mushrooms grows in the forest.  Cattle graze in a pasture. RATIONALE Lions are secondary consumers because they eat gazelles, which are primary consumers. Plankton are producers. Cattle are primary consumers. Mushrooms are decomposers. CONCEPT Ecosystem Ecology Report an issue with this question 17 Which characteristic is representative of an exponential population growth model?  Reflects growth in an ideal situation  Shows the effect of limiting factors  Reflects a population’s carrying capacity  Produces an S-shaped curve RATIONALE Exponential growth models depict growth potential in an idealized situation that cannot be sustained for long in the real world. These models produce graphs with a J-shaped curve and ignore limiting factors such as carrying capacity and the availability of resources. CONCEPT Population Ecology

Report an issue with this question 18 Choose the one element that is NOT a result of deforestation.  The extinction of plants and animals  Population growth  The loss of cropland  Climate change RATIONALE Deforestation does not contribute to population growth. Deforestation can contribute to the loss of cropland, the extinction of plants and animals, and climate change. CONCEPT Forests and Deforestation Report an issue with this question 19 Choose the list that has the correct order of the levels of organization in ecology.  Organism, population, habitat, community, and biosphere  Organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere  Organism, niche, population, community, and ecosystem  Organism, population, habitat, niche, and ecosystem RATIONALE The levels of organization in ecology, from smallest to largest, are organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Niches and habitats are not levels of organization in ecology. CONCEPT

Ecology Report an issue with this question 20 Which of the following is an example of symbiosis?  A mosquito bites a human.  A spider captures a fly in its web.  Plover birds eat the food caught in alligators’ teeth.  Two species of lizards that eat flies live in the same area. RATIONALE In symbiosis, two species have a mutually beneficial interaction. In this case, both the plover birds and the alligators benefit from their interaction with each other. The lizards are in competition. The mosquito is preying on the human, and the spider is preying on the fly. CONCEPT Community Ecology Report an issue with this question 21 Which of the following is a renewable resource?  Metals  Sunlight  Mineral oil  Coal RATIONALE Renewable resources are resources that can be replaced in a reasonable human time span or are unlimited in supply. Sunlight is a renewable resource because it is unlimited in supply.

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Metals, coal, and mineral oil are all nonrenewable resources. CONCEPT Natural Resources Report an issue with this question 22 Which option demonstrates a sustainable use of natural resources rather than overexploitation?  Central Africa lost 64% of its elephants in a decade to the ivory trade.  Orchid smuggling is contributing to the loss of many orchid species in the wild.  The global demand for alligator skin to make clothing, shoes, and bags increases every year.  New technology reduces unwanted fish that are caught in nets and returns them to the ocean. RATIONALE New fishing technology is not overexploitation because it helps make fishing more sustainable. The others are examples of overexploitation, or overharvesting, because they demonstrate an unsustainable overconsumption of a natural resource. CONCEPT Overexploitation

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