Sp23 MCB141 midterm1 - Blank(1)

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Feb 20, 2024

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Question 1a If you wished to know what the normal fate of an animal blastomere in the 32-cell Xenopus embryo, what method would you use?(2 points) 1b Describe the properties required for any labeling technique you use. (8 points) 1c How would you identify the fate of the injected blastomere at the tadpole stage, and what tissues would you expect might be labelled? (10 points) 1d If you do a similar experiment where you inject several 32 cell embryos, and inject any one cell in the marginal zone (equatorial zone) of these embryos, what tissues would you expect to be labelled in different embryos, and would they always be similar? (10 points). Question 2 Describe how microtubules that polymerize in the first cell cycle cause dorsal tissues to form only on one side of the embryo. use the words cortex/cortical and aster/astral in your answer (20 points)
Question 3 (12 points) The gene “loop tail” now also known as Vangl2 (van gogh-like 2) when homozygous mutant causes a severe open neural tube defect in mice. What would you predict would be the phenotype of a Morpholino Oligonucleotide knockdown of vangl2 in the frog? What is the reason for the mutant phenotype? Question 4 (12 points) Plekhg5 functions in bottle cell formation, and Shroom3 functions in neural plate closure, yet the phenotype of injecting mRNA of each into the animal pole of a fertilized egg is very similar. What is the phenotype and why is the phenotype so similar? Question 5a (9 points) Explants of animal caps have been very useful to assay the activity of various secreted proteins. Application of Activin or Noggin have very different outcomes in this kind of experiment. How would you assay the outcome, including what control(s) would you use to show that the differences are specific to the different proteins. 5b (12 points) What are the results, and how do you interpret the results of this experiment?
Question 6 In Xenopus, Morpholino oligonucleotide injection that targets dkk1 results in a reduced head formation. A similar MO injection that targets tiki also results in reduced head formation. Injection of both results in reduced head formation, but surprisingly no worse than either alone. (Note that this result is different from the experiments with noggin, Chordin and Follistatin MOs, where combinations have more severe effects than single injections.) Provide a hypothesis for how this outcome may occur, and how you would test your idea. Include in the test 1. (10 points) The specific question or hypothesis you are addressing in the experiment While the BMP antagonists have overlapping functions, but they all cooperate to induce dorsal structures, in this experiment the blocking of one Wnt antagonist or another both have the same effect, but the combination is no worse! I agree this is weird, but that is the result we got! 2. (5 points) The technique you would use to address the question 3. (5 points) What controls you would use 4. (5 points) Your predicted outcome 5. (5 points) The conclusion you draw.
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