Research Report on Vaccines

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School

Nairobi Institute of Technology - Westlands *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

MISC

Subject

Biology

Date

Nov 24, 2024

Type

docx

Pages

8

Uploaded by dannetke

Report
1 Research Report on Vaccines Name Institution Affiliation Instructor’s Name Course Date 1
2 Abstract Vaccines are crucial for public health protection because they prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This study examines the idea and importance of vaccinations, their history, and the first physician to test vaccines. It also covers many vaccination forms, such as mRNA, inactivated, live attenuated, subunit, recombinant, and vaccines made from recombinant proteins. The study underlines the value of vaccinations to achieve herd immunity, create immunological memory, and safeguard vulnerable people. It also draws attention to Edward Jenner's contributions, who popularized the word "vaccine" and established the principles behind current vaccination methods. Concept of Vaccines Biological preparations called vaccines encourage the immune system to identify and fight against certain infections. Vaccines hone the immune system's ability to mount a defense by delivering viruses or their antigens into the body in weakened or inactivated form. In the case of subsequent exposure, this immune response aids in the identification and eradication of the real pathogen, preventing infection and sickness (Dubé et al., 2021). Vaccines may include additives like adjuvants or immune-stimulating chemicals that improve the body's immunological response. These extra components aid in boosting the immune response and the vaccine's efficacy. Immunological memory is the foundation of the vaccination theory (Brisse et al., 2022). When it encounters a virus, the immune system reacts. The immune system "learns" to recognize the infection's antigens during this process. Antigens, molecules on infection surfaces, are foreign and targets for the immune system. Moreover, the immune system is exposed to harmless copies of infections or their antigens in vaccinations, which helps them take advantage of the immunological memory. 2
3 Inactivated (killed) pathogens, weaker (attenuated) forms of the pathogen, or particular components, such as proteins or carbohydrates, may all be considered harmless variants. When the immune system recognizes these antigens, it triggers an immunological response that includes antibody formation and immune cell activation (Dubé et al., 2021). The immunological response from vaccinations enables the body to "remember" the unique antigens connected to a certain infection. When the immune system confronts a real infection in the future, this memory enables the immune system to react quickly and efficiently (Brisse et al., 2022). When a person who has received vaccinations is exposed to the virus, their immune system will be able to swiftly identify it and build a powerful defense, avoiding or lessening the severity of the sickness. The idea of herd immunity is strengthened through vaccination, protecting those who get it. Herd immunity occurs when a sizable fraction of the population has developed immunity to a particular illness, either due to vaccination or prior exposure (Dubé et al., 2021). A community with enough immune individuals limits the pathogen's transmission, protecting others who cannot acquire the vaccination, such as those with impaired immune systems or medical issues (Dubé et al., 2021). immunizations must undergo rigorous testing and regulatory standards before approval to ensure safety and effectiveness. Vaccines are often tested in the lab and on animals before being tested on humans for safety and efficacy (Brisse et al., 2022). Before approving a product for use in the broader public, regulatory authorities carefully examine the data from these studies. Origin of the Name "Vaccine" The late 18th-century research of English physician Edward Jenner is when the word "vaccine" first appeared. According to Saleh et al. (2002), Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had cowpox, which resembles smallpox but has fewer symptoms, seemed resistant to smallpox. 3
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