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Natasha Ironpipe Portfolio project week 3 Circulatory System: Your heart is roughly the size of a fist and sits in the middle of your chest, slightly to the left. It’s the muscle at the Centre of your circulation system. It pumps blood around your body as your heart beats. This blood sends oxygen and nutrients to all parts of your body and carries away unwanted carbon dioxide and waste products. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, which carry the blood to and from all areas of the body. This whole network of vessels for blood circulation is called the vascular system. All the arteries and veins outside the heart and head make up the peripheral vascular system. Blood is a specialized body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Blood has many different functions that include transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. In addition to the A and B antigens, there is a protein called the Rh factor which can either present (+) or absent (-), creating the 8 most common blood types (A+, A-, B+, B-, 0+, 0-, AB+, AB-) AB+ and 0- are considered universal blood types. People who are AB+ are universal recipients, meaning they can safely receive a blood transfusion of any other blood type. 0- individuals are universal donors, meaning their blood can be given to people of any blood type. Universal donors are those with a 0- blood type. Type 0 is routinely in short supply and in high demand by hospitals because type 0 is the universal blood type needed for emergency transfusions and for immune deficient infants. Integumentary System: It’s made up of three layers, the epidermis, dermis, and the hypodermis, all three of which vary significantly in their anatomy and function. The skin’s structure is made up of an intricate network which serves as the body’s initial barrier against pathogens, UV light, chemicals, and mechanical injury. The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue. Accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands. Although these structures appear to be part of the dermis, they are derived from the epidermis. Skin color is influenced by the type of melanin present, UV exposure, genetics, the content of melanosomes and other chromophores in the skin. The presence of various 4
chromophore combinations influence skin color perception in part: carotenoids, melanin, oxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin. Summary: The integumentary system includes the hair, the skin, and hair, which are organs that grow out of the skin. Because the organs of the integumentary system are mostly external to the body, you may think of them as little more than accessories like clothing or jewelry, but they serve vital physiological functions. They provide a protective covering for the body, sense the environment, and help the body maintain homeostasis. The skin, hair, nails, and glands work harmoniously to protect the body from harm and maintain homeostasis. The integumentary system works with the following bodily system: immune system- acts as a physical barrier to disease-causing germs and houses immune cells, digestive system- vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium which is needed for bone maintenance and muscle contractions, cardiovascular system- the skins blood vessels can constrict or dilate to conserve or release heat, nervous system- the skin transmit information from sensations through nerve receptors to the brain, respiratory system- the tiny hairs lining the nasal passages remove harmful particles before the lung inhale them and urinary system- the skin excretes waste products which helps the kidneys maintain the body’s electrolyte and pH balance.
References: NHSinform: How the heart works (2023) https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and- conditions/heart-and-blood-vessels/about-the-heart/now-the-heart-works/ Temple Health- How the heart and blood vessels work (2023) https://www.templehealth.org/services/heart-vascular/patient-care/patient-support/ understanding-heart-vascular-disease/how-heart-blood-vessels-work American Society of Hematology (2023) https://www.hematology/education/patients/blood-basics Red Cross Donation-Blood Type (2023) https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types.html Universal Blood Type Donors and Recipients- Very well health Berkley, Cherie (05 August 2023) https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-a-universal-recipients-3157299 American Red Cross- Facts about blood and blood types (2023) https//www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types.html National Institutes of Health- Anatomy, skin (integument), epidermis-stat Pearls-NCBI https://www.hcbi.hlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/ Quora- What are the functions of the 3 layers of the human skin? https://www.quora.com/what-are-the-functions-of-the-3-layers-of-the-human-skin Integumentary system: Accessory organs-labXchange (20 April 2023) https://www.labxchange.org/library/items/Ib:labXchange:3?77f6e9:html:1 Karger: Influence in Ethnicities and skin color variations in different populations: A review (05 August 2021) https://karger.com/spp/article/35/2/65/826910/influence-of- Ethnicties-and-skin-color-variations Very well health- the integumentary system: your skin, hair, nails, and glands. Christiansen, Sherry (14 June 2023) https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-integumentary- system-anatomy-and-functions-5114485 Thompson Rivers University- 10.2 introduction to the integumentary system. Miller, Christine https://humanbiology.pressbook.tu.ca/chapter/12-2-introduction-to-the- integumentary-system/ Medical News Today- What to know about the integumentary system (13 February 2023) https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/integumentary-system
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