The Meaning of Argument
The word argument is derived from the Latin word argūmentum, which translates to “evidence” or “proof.” And any piece of writing that aims to substantiate a claim by building a reasonable, logical argument can be classified as argumentative writing. In academic writing, the first step to developing a strong argument is to establish a claim and then support it with strong reasons and solid evidence.
Argument Methods Commonly Used in Academic Writing
There are different types of argument models one can choose from while writing an argumentative essay or research paper. The following are some such frequently used models:
1. Classical Argument
The Classical argument was developed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and is also referred to as the Aristotelian argument. This argument method is direct and more aggressive when compared to other methods. It is used when the claim is straightforward, without scope for a potential conflict.
2. Rogerian Argument
This argument method is based on American psychologist Carl Rogers’ studies and is useful in addressing controversial topics. It involves acknowledging the existence of opposing views and aims to find a middle ground in the form of a conclusion that can accommodate and address the opposing views.
3. Toulmin Argument
Like the Rogerian method, the Toulmin method is also used when building an argument around a topic that is complex and controversial. However, the Toulmin method is selective and focuses only on one side of the argument without elaborating on opposing views. In some cases, a rebuttal is offered to opposing views only to strengthen the original claim.
While the classical argument is the most common argumentative method used in academic writing, any of the other types can also be used to build an effective argument.
Building an Effective Argument in an Essay
In order to develop a strong argument, the writer must first thoroughly evaluate the essay topic. This helps them identify their stance on the topic before presenting a claim. The claim, once presented, is further backed by relevant evidence in the form of facts, figures, data, etc., which consequently leads to a logical conclusion in support of the claim.
The following is a step-by-step guide to building an effective argument:
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Making a Claim
The claim is the main point around which an argument is built. It is an assertion or a proposition that is usually introduced in the form of a thesis statement. A claim can either be an opinion, a fact, or anything else that is open to evaluation and interpretation.
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Using the Power of Reasoning to Present Valid Explanations
Once a claim is made, it must be supported with logical reasons that can add to its credibility. For this, writers rely on their critical thinking abilities and one of the two logical reasoning methods:
- Inductive reasoning: This type of reasoning is based on conjectures and helps arrive at a generalized conclusion based on general observations (such as identifying a pattern).
- Deductive reasoning: This type of reasoning helps writers arrive at a conclusion by taking into account specific data such as facts, principles, properties, rules, etc.
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Finding Supporting Evidence
Any of the following types of evidence can be used while building an effective argument in an essay:
- Statistical or scientific data: This refers to any finding that is an outcome of statistical or scientific research.
- Anecdotal evidence: This refers to any personal opinion or experience. Often, personal or reflective essays have an essay hook that is usually an anecdote or incident that garners the attention of the readers and gets them interested in further reading.
- Testimonials: These are opinions of those who have significant experience and expertise in a particular field or subject. A testimonial can be a quote used at the beginning of an essay, an excerpt from an interview, or an opinion piece written by an expert.
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Using a Warrant
A warrant is an assumption made to support the main argument. It may or may not be explicitly stated and can either be a straightforward assumption or a shared relatable belief. If readers can relate to the warrant stated by the writer, then there is a possibility that they will be compelled to agree with the writer’s point of view.
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Acknowledging Limitations and Counterarguments
A reasonable writer is never afraid to acknowledge that there are certain limitations to their claim. Acknowledging opposing views and counterarguments in a graceful manner helps a writer earn readers’ trust and thereby credibility.
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Reaching a Conclusion
Many writers simply summarize the essay in the conclusion paragraph. However, a good conclusion is more than just a summary and one which:
- Supports the premise
- Backs the evidence
- Establishes a relationship between the reasons, evidence, and warrants
- Agrees with the claim made by the writer
To sum up, an effective argument is one which helps the writer drive the main point home. Knowing how to build an effective argument not only helps writers persuade their audience, but also helps them develop their critical thinking and writing skills.
