Serotonin

Influence of exposure to EMF on brain serotonin (μg/1 g tissue) of newborn rats Serotonin and other neurotransmitters are implicated at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) of the spinal cord where the afferents connect [21]. Figure 3 shows the changes in the levels of serotonin for control rats and rats treated with EMF.Serotonin values in control rats were higher than those of rats treated with EMF. No significant (p ≥ 0.05) changes in the level of serotonin were shown for the control rats at different

The classifications of serotonin receptors, as well as drug classes that act upon serotonergic transmission are discussed below. This includes serotonin (5-HT) agonists, antagonists and medications that modulate 5-HT at the presynaptic level, all of which are of significant clinical relevance. Nuplazid (pimavanserin), is a selective serotonin inverse agonist (SSIA). Pimavanserin is a non-dopaminergic atypical antipsychotic drug with primarily selective inverse agonistic and minor selective inverse

Task 1: Biological Approach: It recommends that our thoughts, feelings and behaviours have a physical cause. If you are reluctant, withdrawing, nervous, depressed, it has a biological cause. The biological approach suggests that our behavioural traits are inherited – passed down from parents to child. There are two types of twins – identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic). Evidence has suggested that if one identical develops schizophrenia, there is roughly 48% chance of the other also

This decreases the signs of schizophrenic behavior and improves behavior by creating a neutral state between rest and digest and flight or fight. Quetiapine is another drug that serves as an antagonizer of serotonin and dopamine along with being an antagonist to histamine and adrenergic receptors. Histamine causes capillary dilation and constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchials and decreases overall blood pressure. This drug decreases delusions, hallucinations

limited understanding of the brain and its processes, it is not known for certain what causes depression; however, there are many theories. Many of these hypotheses are based upon synaptic transmission, the concentration of neurotransmitters (mainly serotonin and norepinephrine), and their transporters in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit chemical signals from one neuron to the next. In a normal functioning system, neurotransmitters are synthesized in neurons from molecules called

Lysergic Acid Diethlyamide The psychedelic effects of d-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide-25 (LSD) were discovered by Dr. Albert Hoffman by accident in 1938. In the 1950s and 1960s, LSD was used by psychiatrists for analytic psychotherapy. It was thought that the administration of LSD could aid the patient in releasing repressed material. It was also suggested that psychiatrists themselves might develop more insight into the pathology of a diseased mind through self experimentation. 1,2 During the late

psychological problems” (p. 526). Antidepressant drugs procure calmness in the body by increasing neurotransmitters, and serotonin levels decreased in the body. Nevid (2015) informs, “Antidepressants increase levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain” (p. 547). Drugs like Tofranil, Elavil, and Zoloft raise the brain levels of norepinephrine and serotonin (Nevid, 2015). Nevid furthers on this medication

condition and can be associated with hallucinations and delusions. There is no other known cause for these two symptoms, only that it is a neurological problem of sensory loss. The cause for depression is the decreased production of serotonin which in return will drop the serotonin levels in the brain. When a person with schizophrenia has the symptom of anxiety it could be due to a decrease in GABA activity. There are a wide range of treatments to assist with Schizophrenia symptoms, even if the symptoms

Freedom was the battlecry of the sixties. Freedom from war, from the social pressures exerted by the older generation, and perhaps even freedom from oneself. The goal was to live in an uninhibited environment where experimentation of all sorts could thrive. It was within the context of this "hippie generation" that lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as "acid" on the street, came to pervade the lives of millions of American youth. The best known of all psychedelic drugs, LSD had a profound effect

The role of 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in the scientific community is controversial, but recent findings suggest that it could be a promising aid in psychotherapy (Mithoefer et al., 2013). MDMA is a popular recreational drug that has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties and is known to promote positive mood and enhanced overall sociability in users (Liechti et al., 2001). An overwhelming amount of past research on MDMA raises concerns about its neurotoxicity, but there is no