Liquid-liquid extraction

high due to the sheer volume of chemicals being used. When fracking takes place as well as the natural gas, harmful petroleum hydrocarbons which include benzene (an organic compound which is a colourless and highly flammable liquid) and xylene (A highly flammable colourless liquid) can be also released. These chemicals are released into the air when the waste water from the fracking is placed into pits where it will evaporate over time. This can have negative implications to people who live in the area

public how more than 596 chemicals are being used in the initial process of hydraulic fracturing; the 596+ chemicals used compile a complex list that includes “drilling additives, corrosives, biocides, shale control inhibitors, liquor breaker aids, liquid gel concentrates, etc (Gaslands, 2010). This list also includes unknown toxic chemicals, such as glycol ethers. Fox further explains how glycol ethers is used as an anti-freeze in the initial process of hydraulic fracturing.Unbeknownst to residents

hundreds of meters long. The formation of these hydrates can vary from instantly to a few hours. If there is free water present, hydrates can form in the pipes. Natural gas hydrates are crystals formed by water with small gas molecules and associated liquids in a ratio of 85 mol% water and 15 mol% hydrocarbons. Gas hydrates have been called “the burning ice.” This is due to the fact that gas hydrates are “host” water cages containing “guest” gas molecules. These combustible gas molecules can be

As Yortsos et al. (1999) have shown in their work, the change of WOR vs. dimensionless time is governed by the time regime. He distinguished four such time regimes: Early time, before water breaks through the layers of a reservoir (Fig. 1, b) in which WOR remains almost constant; The stage immediately following water breakthrough, when water saturation near the producer is low (Fig. 1, c). This regime can be analysed using the 1D displacement equation for intermediate values of water saturation

properties that are commonly used to identify unknown compounds, to verify already known compounds, and to determine the purity of compounds.2 If the compound is a solid, the procedure for melting point determination is followed. However, if it is a liquid a boiling point technique must be performed, such as distillation or refluxing.2 The melting point determination consists of five major steps: obtain the sample and make sure it is grinded, fill 2-3 capillary tubes with the sample, ensure that the

fluids considered are those found in process and energy application: water(vapour and liquid), gases, organic fluids, moltan salt,and liquid metal. Refrigrents are not included. For completeness,the basic concept of heat transfer and thermodynamics that apply are also presented along with pertinent relationship, table aur data and a few illustration examples. these can be used in various forms gasous or liquid , mixture or simple solution.Heat transfer fluid selection can involve complication, multi-dimensional

INTRODUCTION When cement is mixed with water in order to prepare concrete, the hardened concrete formed after hydration is not a solid mass but a porous material. There is formation of pores due to water which is initially added. Water occupies some fraction of the total initial volume and after the hydration of cement water is held physically, chemically or is adsorbed on product after hydration. This leads to formation of different types of pore structure inside the hydrated cement

Water is the most important issue in our day to day life. But it is very pathetic when the owner of the house faced that the water tank be empty without any alarming. The project is to design water level indicator with automatic water pump controlling system. water level sensor is been made for sensing water level accurately. Microcontroller is used to control the overall system automatically that reduces the design and control complexity. Microcontroller takes input from the sensor unit which senses

shown promising results to generate useful energy. However, efficient atomization of some high viscosity biofuels to yield maximum useful energy and minimise emissions is an area of research that has not been completely explored so far. As a result, liquid atomization has drawn a lot of attention among researchers over the past few years [2]. Though several different types of atomization processes are used in the industry, twin fluid atomization practices have been quite common and effective. Twin fluid

Introduction Certain algal genera can be used to determine organic pollution through the Palmer index scoring method. There are specific genera that when found in a sample of water could indicate a potential problem with pollution. The genera on the list of indicator organisms are chosen for their affinity for hypereutrophic and even anoxic environments such as polluted waters (Blanco et al, 2008). There are 20 pollution tolerant genera that were assigned a number between one and five, and based