Glomerulus

tissue, where they become the descending and ascending thin segments. The ascending thick limb continues into the distal tubule. The tubule wall shows a focal thickening, the macula densa, where it comes close to the vascular pole of its parent glomerulus at the start of the convoluted part of the distal tubule. The nephron finally straightens once

Histological study Light microscope examination Specimens from the left kidney from each animal were fixed in 10% saline formalin and processed to prepare 5-μm-thick paraffin sections for Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008). Immunohistochemical study Immunohistochemical staining for localization of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was carried out by means of the avidin biotin complex (ABC) method (Dako ARK™, Peroxidase, Code No. K3954, Dako, Glostrup

Glomerulonephritis is a glomerular kidney disease in which the kidneys' filters become inflamed and scarred. There are different types of glomerulonephritis which include kidney disease of diabetes, IgA nephropathy, and lupus nephritis.Membranous nephropathy. GN is an immunologically mediated disease in which deposits of IgG and complement complexes collect in the basement membrane. The glomerular basement membrane becomes thickened and does not function normally, allowing large amounts of protein

Split into two parts, cortex & medula, medulla more osmolaric further down (towards centre) - means saltier. The kidney is approximately 11–14 cm (4.3–5.5 in) in length, 6 cm (2.4 in) wide and 4 cm (1.6 in) thick. Kangaroo Rat: (able to live with almost no drinking water through consumption of high carbohydrate seeds). Loop of Henle (where H2O is passively taken from the blood, and NaCl is both passively and actively removed from the blood) is much longer (enables maximum concentration of urine and

Describe the structure and location of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and papillary duct. The proximal convoluted tubule measures approximately 14 mm long and 60 μm in diameter. Simple cuboidal epithelium makes up its wall. The cells rest on a basement membrane, which forms the outer surface of the tubule. The loops of Henle are continuations of the proximal convoluted tubules. Each loop has two limbs: the descending limb and the ascending

Exposure to environmental pollutants, drug and ionizing radiation causes inflammation and oxidative stress. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is one of the chlorinated hydrocarbons with wide spread use in various industries so it is considered as an environmental toxin because of its leakage into air, water and soil. Hepatic and renal tubular necrosis is the typical manifestation of CCl4-intoxication however; the pathogenesis of CCl4-induced renal damage remains largely elusive [1]. CCl4 acts through activation

Title: Diuretics, adverse effects, contraindications and precautions. Jose R Tapanes International Institute for Health Care Professionals ABSTRACT Diuretics act primarily by blocking reabsorption of sodium at four major sites in the nephron. The diuretic known as water pills have specific indications to maintain and control the blood pressure combined with beta-blocker, anti arrhythmic helping the cardiac and renal function in patient with chronic hypertension, heart disease and kidney disease

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It consists of a renal corpuscle where fluid can be filtered and a renal tubule where the filtered fluid flows through. Nephrons perform three basic functions, Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration occurs as pressure (glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure) forces water and dissolved blood components through the endothelial pores of the capillaries, basement membrane, and on through the filtration

The glomerulus is a network of capillaries. It is formed by the afferent arteriole. The glomerular capsule in the enclosed sac that holds the glomerulus and filters the blood of this. The difference between the efferent arteriole and the afferent arteriole is that the efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus, while the afferent arteriole has a backup of blood flow in the glomerulus. This is due to the afferent arteriole being smaller in diameter, which creates a resistance to blood

susceptible to infections of the bladder (cystitis) and the urinary tract. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It contains a glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, a cup-shaped structure that surrounds a glomerulus (group of capillaries). Together, the glomerular capsule and glomerulus form a unit called the renal corpuscle. Attached to the Bowman's capsule is a long, twisting renal tubule that has four parts: the proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, the