Emission standards

com/ejsr.htm Vehicular Emissions and Air Quality Standards in Nigeria F. I. Abam Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cross River University of Technology P.M.B 1123. Calabar, Nigeria E-mail: faibiang@yahoo.com Tel: +2348054383418 G. O. Unachukwu National Centre for Energy Research and Development University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria E-mail: godwinogechi@yahoo.com Tel: +2348050525033 Abstract This paper reports the results of the investigation of vehicular emissions in selected areas in Calabar

Trade vs. Carbon Taxes – Which system can impact CO2 emissions the most? Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a necessity to combat climate change. The main greenhouse gas produced by human actions is carbon dioxide or CO2 (Overview of Greenhouse Gases). In 2014, Canada’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases was the oil and gas sector, composing of 26% of total emissions or 192 megatonnes (Mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector, 2016). Considering the impact of

This act is enforced by creating direct commands to firms know as standards, these standards are able to reduce emissions, by requiring people to do things that result in less pollution. For example, one way pollution can be reduced is through public transportation, which saves money and energy. Four standards that can be used are ambient standards, emission standards, input standards, and a technology standards. These control standards can be evaluated to see which is more effective, this is done by

stringent standard to take effect in the future, diesel engine’s emissions and control technologies are still very much in the forefront. This paper will cover the developments in diesel vehicles emission regulation and control technology for NOx, particulate matter (PM) for diesel vehicles. Regulation Right now there are two kinds of emission standard in US. One of them is federal standards established by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and another is California standards. Since the

or even all of them. Recently Volkswagen was put in the hot seat when they were caught imputing software into their diesel vehicles, that makes it show a different emissions output than was accepted by the EPA. They called this device the, “defeat device.” Thusly all of their vehicles that were diesel were marketed as low emissions which turned out to be a lie. The article on bbc.com states, “The engines emitted nitrogen oxide pollutants up to 40 times above what is allowed in the US.” This is

different from other sources of emissions. According to a FAA report, aircraft’s btu/passenger mile (energy intensity) is 2,654 in 2012. This is an 24.3% improvement from the 3,505 btu/passenger miles in 2004. It is also improving faster compared to automobiles btu/passenger mile of 8.8% improvement (FAA, 2015). In aviation, most of its pollutants are distributed at high altitudes. However, this can still be hazardous to the environment because aircraft emissions above 3,000 feet can cause up to

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revealed the car manufacturer company Volkswagen had installed a software on their cars to evade the emission of high pollution during the tests. Volkswagen was proven of violating the United States code title 42 chapter 85 Subchapter I Part A 7412 that specifies that any modification in a product that increases the emission of any air pollutant is considered dangerous and violates the Clean Air Act. Other than Volkswagen more companies are being suspects like

EBITDA margin of 8.2%.” (Kallstrom) These margins of profit are where there at because of competition. Kallstrom later writes competition makes it difficult to pass the raw material prices onto the customer. Also, with every changing standards on safety and emissions auto industries need to stay up to date to say in the game. What new technologies are in the automotive industry? In Forbes magazine an article was written about the next big advancements in car

B.C. Climate Action Plan The B.C. Climate Action Plan is a comprehensive strategy implemented by the Canadian government with the objective to diminish provincial greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). In 2007, a Throne Speech was given remarking that climate leadership in B.C was illusory and commitment to climate leadership was an imperative component in the future of the province. As such, in 2008, the Climate Action Plan was released with the intent to serve as a guide in helping British Columbia

impact on climate change, and to reduce the emission of CO2 becomes a worldwide agenda. (Christopher R.I, 2013) While, Buildings, taking up third of the total UK greenhouse gas emissions (CCC, 2014http://www.theccc.org.uk/charts-data/ukemissions-by-sector/buildings/), have a great potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and improve the sustainable development in the future. One of the non-neglect issue to reduce the energy use and CO2 emission of building is in the construction phases. The