Developed environments

With the start of globalization and international expansion cities became a more significant part for various industry sectors. By 2000, more than 500 cities had more than one million inhabitants. According to the United Nations, 54% of the world’s population currently live in urban areas. Urbanization combined with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban populations by 2050, with close to 90 percent of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa

Effect of Neoliberalism, Or the Shift to a Neoliberal Philosophy on Cities Neoliberalism is a concept in social studies and economics. It occurs when control of economic factors shifts to the private sector from the public sector. Neoliberalism is driven by the desire to expand and intensify the market. This is achieved by increasing the frequency, number, and repeatability of transactions. The main aim of neoliberalism is the attainment of a nation where every market transaction is carried out in

Housing Affordability Housing affordability has been one of the most persistent national concerns mainly because housing costs are the biggest expenses in the budgets of most households. A typical American household spends more than a third of its budget on housing while poor and near-poor households commonly devote about half of their incomes to housing (Consumer Expenditure Survey, 2011) . The majority of studies of housing affordability focus on housing cost and its relationship to household

CHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexities of the theoretical discussion on the concepts and empirical research works on urban development, peripheral development and metropolitan expansion in order to find a theoretical place within the broader concept of urban growth effect on infrastructural development of peripheral settlements. In an attempt to strike a balance between the growth of cities and

In Streetwise, Elijah Anderson (1990) discusses the social forces at work in an urban area he calls the Village-Northton. His is a sociological field study of the daily interactions between the residents of an area encompassing two communities--in his words, "one black and low income to very poor (with an extremely high infant mortality rate), [and] the other racially mixed but becoming increasingly middle to upper income and white" (Anderson, 1990, p. ix). In keeping with valid sociological fieldwork

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Knowing about land use/land cover has become important to overcome the problem of biogeochemical cycles, loss of productive ecosystems, biodiversity, deterioration of environmental quality, loss of agricultural lands, destruction of wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitat. The main reason behind the LU/LC changes includes rapid population growth, rural-to-urban migration, reclassification of rural areas as urban areas, lack of valuation of ecological services, poverty

infrastructures. Students and pupils also have less equipment (stationaries, uniforms, laboratory for practical) at their perusal. The classrooms are poorly structured (leaking roof, mud buildings, no doors or windows) and always not sufficient. Lessons are at times received under trees. Because some communities don’t have schools, so they all crowd the available ones. The distance covered to go to school, sometimes discourage the students. The female children also would be denied education, because

In addition, McDonald (1986) expressed the beginning notion of gentrification that indicated the urban decline with middle class individuals abruptly and surprisingly moving into neighborhood where crime rates were tremendously high. In the study, time- arrangement information from fourteen gentrified neighborhoods in Boston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington, D.C., were broke down to figure out whether gentrification had an impact on wrongdoing rates in focal city neighborhoods. The

There is no doubt that the world population is growing and growing rapidly but in order for the world to hold the mass change there is a need for humanity to adapt. According to the UN (United Nations) more than half of humanity today 3.9 billion people in 2014, today over 4 billion lives in urban areas (UN 2014, p. 1).This is a profound shift in the course of one century, or within a single lifetime for some of the longer lived people. Not only is the world’s urban population rapidly increasing

time in human history, the world is predominantly urban, with over half of the population living in towns and cities; this is predicted to rise to over 6.3 billion by 2050 (Demographia World Urban Areas, 2016). The movement of populations to urban environments is perhaps the single most significant demographic shift in the past century. Given the current and projected growth in urban living, research into understanding the potential impacts of urban versus rural living on individual mental health is