Cardiac muscle

exercising, you’ll notice: - more frequent muscle contraction - raised body temperature and pulse - deeper breathing known as tidal volume Longer-term effects occur as the body adapts to regular exercise, including: - your heart getting larger - bones becoming denser - Vital capacity of your breath deepening. Exercise has effects on the Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Energy Systems. Musculoskeletal System To maintain effectiveness of muscle and bone activity, the effects of on the

gut clearance) and a markedly different cardiac physiology. Thermoregulation is essential for maintaining high speed. These qualities are necessary for migration, feeding and foraging. In addition to thermoregulation, its unique composition of white and red muscle allows it to be so fast. The high proportion of red muscle in tuna allows it to swim at high speeds, up to 45km/h, for long periods without fatigue. ( Bushnell & Holland, 1997) The white muscle are used for short bursts of activity. (George

Muscles are tissues that are made of cells that are specialized to generate contractions, in animals that possess skeletons, these contractions will generate a force that will enable movement to occur. Skeletal muscles are the only muscles that are under voluntary control of an animal, the other muscle types (cardiac and smooth) are not under conscious control of the organism(Houghton, 2007). Even though at first sight skeletal muscles might seem to be present for only a locomotory role, they can

for muscle control. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, located in the motor region of the cerebral cortex of the brain, and lower motor neurons, located in the brainstem and spinal cord. The muscular system, composed of 700 different muscles, makes up approximately half of a person’s body weight and is responsible for movement, posture, balance, and bodily heat generation (Taylor, n.d.). Muscles are divided into three main categories: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is the progressive weakening and deterioration of the skeletal muscles controlling movement. There isn’t only one type of this disease; MD is a group of over 30 genetic diseases. The diseases differ in many ways. Age of onset may be seen in infancy and childhood, or develop during teenage years through later in life. Types of MD differ in muscle distribution and extent of weakness, and rate of progression. Duchenne MD, as in James’ case, is the most common form. It’s primarily

carriers and have mild effects. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy affects the neuromuscular systems, which can result in deterioration of muscles and eventually death.1 The disorder usually presents itself in early childhood, and can affect the respiratory and cardio systems. The disease can cause spinal problems, respiratory problems, intellectual disability, and cardiac disease which is the main cause of death.4 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is caused by a genetic mutation in

Sacropenia is known as an age-related disease, which demonstrates a reduction in mass and decrease in functionality of skeletal muscles. Sacropenia can lead to the tragic outcomes of feebleness, loss of independence and in worst case scenarios, death, amongst the elderly population (Roubenoff and Hughes, 2000). Therefore, identifying the elements and processes involved in muscle stem cell function is necessary in order to improve our methods of treatment for age-related diseases. The biological processes

dystrophy. The most severe of them all is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy also known as DMD. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is caused by a defect or a mutation in the DMD gene located in the X chromosome. This gene provides instruction for a protein that helps muscle tissue repair itself known as dystrophin. The absence of this protein is thought to be the cause of all types of muscular dystrophy. The genetic explanation of the defective gene is simple: males have one X and one Y chromosome and females have two

are only dreamt of by those with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. An X-linked recessive disorder which can be exhibited in both males and females, DMD is most prominent in males, affecting 3500 boys in the world (McKusick). DMD affects muscle -- skeletal, smooth, and cardiac -- by causing degeneration (McKusick). Diagnosis occurs around five years old, and by age ten, a wheelchair is often necessary for the patient. The skeletal

Human Cardiac Fibroblasts (HCFs) are the most prevalent cell type in the heart, comprising 60-70% of all cells. They play a central role in the maintenance of the ECM in the normal heart and the synthesis of growth factors and cytokines. Under pathological conditions, cardiac fibroblasts are involved in scar formation following myocardial infarction, cardiac fibrosis, and cardiac hypertrophy. As mentioned previously, cardiac muscle includes involuntary striated muscle of the heart. Cardiomyocytes