Caliph

is an area containing a caliph, a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. He was a leader of the entire Muslim community. In the period 700 to 1300, the Islamic religion introduced a different view on women, the caliphate became more secular and how they chose the caliph changed, while the religion and traditions of Islam were kept the same. After Muhammad’s death, the next 4 caliphs were chosen by the elders. By the 13th century, the caliph was elected but then instead

affected how the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphate was run. Christianity greatly influenced the Byzantine Empire while Islam influenced the Islamic Caliphate. Political leaders in both empires were the head of the state and the church. Islamic caliphs began by being related Muhammed. The Islamic Caliphate treated everyone more equally, because of the faith in Umma, but started to fade as the Caliphate went on. The Byzantine Empire believed that others who weren't Christians were lesser. In both

In this term paper, I will discuss and analyze the political thought of Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī also known as Al-Ghazali by the western medieval world. He was a famous Muslim was a theologian, philosopher, jurist and a spiritual Persian descent. This term paper was compiled by referring to many different articles and books on Islamic Political thought for the course “Socio Economical Philosophy of Islam” taught at Institute of Business Administration Karachi. It focuses on the

Muslim conquests lasted from 622 AD to 750 AD, and would continue to move forward until the 18th century. These expansions of religion and politics were led by dynasties of Caliphs , beginning with the prophet Muhammad and then the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. Islam spread from Mecca to Medina and furthered into central Asia, North Africa, Spain, and parts of the old Byzantine and Persian empires. Despite this, there is a large misunderstanding about the spread

The prophet Muhammad sparked the rise of Islam on the Arabian Peninsula by preaching the word of Allah, and inspired the caliphs that came after him to expand the religion and lead it to a period of prosperity. Without the benefits that Islam brought and the power of the Muslim army Islamic Civilization might have secluded itself to one region like Judaism did and not spread so quickly across the region like it did. The appeals that Islamic culture and the teachings of Muhammad offered, as well as

which has become majority amongst Muslims, believe that there is no such procedure laid by either Muhammad or by Qur’an stating who was to become a successor. As stated “the theory as well as the practice of Sunnism had been to recognize only one caliph: as God’s religion is only one, reflecting the divine unity, so should God’s ‘best umma’ be one” explains that, for Sunnis, as long as the leader ruled under God, following the guidance of Qur’an and Sunna, it was a role that could be fulfilled out

sources indicate that the embryo of came to be termed as the Ismaili daʿwa began to take shape during the imamate of al-Ṣādiq. Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (114-48/733-65), as well as the succeeding Ismaili imams, lived in a very difficult time. The ʿAbbāsid caliph al-Dawānīqī and his successors were very hostile towards al-Ṣādiq and his household. After the death of al-Ṣādiq, the Ismaili imams lived in hiding. Among them, the life of Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl remains very obscure. Certain early sources, which were

disagreement of who should be leader grew to the establishment of Shia, who supported Ali. Shia believed that Ali should have been the first caliph instead of Abu Bakr being the first. Shia came to the conclusion that Sunni falsified hadith and Abu angered Fatima, in which Fatima was part of Muhammad causing Shia to believe that he does not have right to become first caliph. As a result, that left Sunni

succession and opposition to policy; they used tribal ethics, religious association to the prophet Muhammad and Quranic doctrine to justify such actions. The first Fitna or civil war among Muslims may have been the Battle of Camel in 656 in which Caliph Ali b. Abi Talib and his supports from Kufa faced off against Al-Zubayr b. Awwam, the prophet’s widow Aisha and Talha b. Ubayd Allah near Basra. The latter sought to eliminate the threat of Ali to the continuation of Quraysh rule after Uthman’s assassination

ulemas’ function exceed the bounds of pure religious issues. Since religion plays a vital role in caliphate. So considering this fact, ulemas’ authority because of having broad knowledge about religion, played a key role in political life of the state. Caliph of the state used to base his authority on the imam’s divine authority.in such crucial conditions, al-Ghazali gave his political theory of caliphate and expounded it as a defender and champion for the unity of Muslim world.al-ghazali was inspired