Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285866932
Author: Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle? a. end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) b. stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) c. stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR) d. heart rate (HR) and end-diastolic volume (ED
The carotid artery of an animal is partially constricted proximal to the carotid sinus during a study. Which of the following cardiovascular changes most likely occurs in response to the constriction?
(My opinion is the question is referring to carotid clamping not carotid massage ( carotid massage is usually done on carotid sinus to rapidly lower heart rate))
A. Decreased heart rateB. Decreased systemic arterial pressure
C. Decreased venous return to the startD. Increased number of impulses from the carotid sinus
E. Increased total peripheral resistance.
The heart’s internal pacemaker beats by: a. an internal implant that sends an electrical impulse through the heart b. the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the sinoatrial node followed by the atrioventricular node c. the excitation of cardiac muscle cells at the atrioventricular node followed by the sinoatrial node d. the action of the sinus
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- Assume the following pressures on the arterial end of a capillary: Plasma hydrostatic pressure = 35mmHg Plasma osmotic pressure = 26mmHg Interstitial hydrostatic pressure = 0mmHg Interstitial osmotic pressure = 1mmHg Given the pressures listed above, what is happening to fluid in this scenario? A. Fluid is leaving the capillary B. Fluid is entering the capillary C. Fluid is leaving the cell D. Fluid is entering the cellarrow_forwardCapillary filtration plays a vital role in the exchange of fluids between the circulatory system and tissues A. Consider a scenario where the hydrostatic pressure in the capillary bed is 40 mmHg, the osmotic pressure in the capillary is 25 mmHg, and the interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is 5 mmHg. Calculate the net filtration pressure in this situation. B. Determine the direction of fluid movement across the capillary wallarrow_forwardMedical evidence shows that a small change in the radius of an artery can indicate a large change in blood flow. For example, if one artery has a radius only 5% larger than another, the blood flow rate is 1.22 times as large. Further information is given in the table below. Increase in radius Times greater bloodflow rate 5% 1.22 10% 1.46 15% 1.75 20% 2.07 (a) Use the average rate of change to estimate how many times greater the blood flow rate is in an artery that has a radius 8% larger than another. (Round your answer to three decimal places.)1.364 times greater(b) Explain why if the radius is increased by 8% and then we increase the radius of the new artery by 8% again, the total increase in the radius is 16.64%. x + 8% of xx + 8/100 X xx + 0.08x = 1.08x1.08x + 8% of (1.08x)1.08x + 8/100 X (1.08x)1.08x + 0.0864x = 0.1664x = 16.64% (c) Use parts (a) and (b) to answer the following question: How many times greater is the blood flow rate in an artery that is 16.64%…arrow_forward
- In the measurement of cardiac function; all of the following are true except A. Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute B. The heart rate is the number of contractions of the ventricles each minute. C. The stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each contraction D. The cardiac output will exceed 5 liters with an increase in HR in all cases Choose the correct answerarrow_forwardDefine each term: a. Pressure gradient c. Blood flow b. Blood pressure d. Resistancearrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the primary role of resistance vessels? Group of answer choices a.Providing nutrient supply to the walls of larger vessels b. They regulate arterial blood pressure and blood flow within the organs. c. Ensuring blood storage during periods of low cardiac output d. Directing blood flow to specific organs based on demandarrow_forward
- If the diameter of a blood vessel is reduced by two-thirds and the blood pressure remains constant (that is, the blood pressure is unchanging as the diameter is reduced), then the blood flow rate through the vessel will ... A. be reduced by 80/81. B. be reduced by 8/9 since the area of a circle is πr2. C. be reduced by 1/9 since the area of a circle is πr2. D. be reduced by 2/3. E. be unchanged since the blood pressure does not change.arrow_forwardThe aorta is the principal blood vessel through which blood leaves the heart in order to circulate around the body. (a) Calculate the average speed of the blood in the aorta if the flow rate is 5.0 L/min. The aorta has a radius of 10 mm. (b) Blood also flows through smaller blood vessels known as capillaries. When the rate of blood flow in the aorta is 5.0 L/min, the speed of blood in the capillaries is about 0.33 mm/s. Given that the average diameter of a capillary is 8.0 μm (1 μm = 1 X 10 –6 m), calculate the number of capillaries in the blood circulatory system.arrow_forwardAssume that one ventricle of a child’s heart has an EDV of 90 mL, an ESV of 60 mL, and a cardiac output of 2.55 L/min. What are the child’s stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), and heart rate (HR)?a. SV = 60 mL; EF = 33%; HR = 85 bpmb. SV = 30 mL; EF = 60%; HR = 75 bpmc. SV = 150 mL; EF = 67%; HR = 42 bpmd. SV = 30 mL; EF = 33%; HR = 85 bpme. Not enough information is given to calculate these.arrow_forward
- Which of the following is correct regarding the flow of blood in reference to the left side of the heart? a. Blood flows from the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, through the aortic semilunar valve, and then into the aortic arch b. Blood flows from the left atrium, through the aortic semilunar valve, into the left ventricle, through the bicuspid valve, and then into the aortic arch c. Blood flows from the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, into the left ventricle, into the aortic arch, through the aortic semilunar valve, and then into systemic arterial systemarrow_forwardEstimate the volume of a human heart (in mL) using the following measurements/assumptions: Blood flow through the aorta is approximately 16.8 cm/s. The diameter of the aorta is approximately 3.0 cm. Assume the heart pumps its own volume with each beat. Assume a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute.arrow_forwardThe delivery of blood by the left ventricle into the sorta is intermittent, whereas blood flow in the peripheral circulation is usually continuous. Which of the following best explains this difference? A. Arteries contain more elastic tissue than veins . B Capillary walls contain little elastic or muscular tissue . C. Continuous flow is needed to meet metabolic requirements. D. Passive recoil of the arteries delivers blood to the periphery during diastole E . Rhythmic contractions of arterial smooth muscie increase the diastolic pressure to above zeroarrow_forward
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