BIOLOGY CONNECT ACCESS CARD
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264037452
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 7, Problem 2S
Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted animals are able to maintain body temperature (a process called thermogenesis) due to the presence of brown fat. Brown fat is characterized by a high concentration of mitochondria. These brown fat mitochondria have a special protein located within their inner membranes. Thermogenin is a protein that functions as a passive proton transporter. Propose a likely explanation for the role of brown fat in thermogenesis based on your knowledge of
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The ADP/ATP carrier, which exchanges cytoplasmic ADP and mitochondrial ATP, can also function as a passive proton transporter. a. Would the carrier protein augment or diminish the protonmotive force? b. Researchers found that nucleotide transport inhibits proton transport by the carrier protein. Could this competitive effect help link the rate of oxidative phosphorylation to the cell’s need for ATP?
solve the question given in the image provided.
Chapter 7 Solutions
BIOLOGY CONNECT ACCESS CARD
Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.1 - Explain the role of electron carriers in energy...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 7.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.2 - Calculate the energy yield from glycolysis.Ch. 7.2 - Distinguish between aerobic respiration and...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.4 - Relate the nine reactions of the citric acid cycle...Ch. 7.4 - Diagram the oxidation reactions in the citric acid...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 7.6 - Calculate the number of ATP molecules produced by...Ch. 7.7 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.8 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7.8 - Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic...Ch. 7.9 - Identify the entry points for proteins and fats in...Ch. 7.9 - Prob. 2LOCh. 7.10 - Prob. 1LOCh. 7 - Prob. 1DACh. 7 - Prob. 1UCh. 7 - Prob. 2UCh. 7 - Which of the following is NOT a product of...Ch. 7 - Glycolysis produces ATP by a. phosphorylating...Ch. 7 - What is the role of NAD+ in the process of...Ch. 7 - Prob. 6UCh. 7 - The electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 can be a....Ch. 7 - Prob. 1ACh. 7 - Prob. 2ACh. 7 - Prob. 3ACh. 7 - What is the importance of fermentation to cellular...Ch. 7 - Prob. 5ACh. 7 - A chemical agent that makes holes in the inner...Ch. 7 - Prob. 7ACh. 7 - Use the following table to outline the...Ch. 7 - Human babies and hibernating or cold-adapted...Ch. 7 - Recent data indicate a link between colder...
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- Consider ten glucose molecules that enter a cell. How many ATP can be generated by the complete catabolism of these into CO2 and H2O? If all ten are first incorporated into glycogen, liberated from glycogen, and then fully catabolized into CO2 and H2O, does the ATP tally increase, decrease or stay the same? Consider that 1 UTP = 1 ATP. Explain. Describe the processes which produce ATP and provide a balanced equation of glucose, CO2, H2O and O2arrow_forwardCan someone explain the answer to this ptoblem and why binding would not activate the enzyme?arrow_forwardAlthough the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: If the inner mitochondrial membrane were rendered as permeable as the outer membrane, how would that affect oxidative phosphorylation? Which specific processes would stop and which remain?arrow_forward
- The concentration of glucose in your circulatory system is maintained near 5.0 mM by the actions of the pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin. Glucose is imported into cells by protein transporters that are highly specific for binding glucose. Inside the liver cells the imported glucose is rapidly phosphorylated to give glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). This is an ATP-dependent process that consumes 1 mol ATP per mol of glucose. Given the steady-state intracellular concentrations below, calculate the theoretical maximum concentration of G-6-P inside a liver cell at 37 °C, pH = 7.2 when the glucose concentration outside the cell (i.e., [glucoseloutside) is 5.0 mM: ATP = 4.7 mM; ADP = 0.15 mM; P, = 6.1 mM For: ATP + H,O ADP + P + H* AG" = -30.5 kJ/mol and G-6-P + H,0 -→ Glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol The glucose phosphorylation reaction is ATP + glucosenside » ADP + glucose-6-phosphate + H+arrow_forwardThe pH values of the different compartments are shown below: matrix Intermembrane space Cytosol pH 7.8 – 8.0 pH ~ 7.0pH 7.0 – 7.4 Proton flow through ATP synthase leads to the formation of ATP, a process defined as the binding-change mechanism that was initially proposed by Boyer. Briefly explain Boyer’s binding change mechanism for the ATP synthase.arrow_forwardStearic acid is an 18-carbon fatty acid. If a single molecular of stearic acid is within the cytosol of the cells: Describe the process by which stearic acid would be metabolised, beginning the molecule in the cytosol of the cell, ending with the creation of ATP, and assuming the cell has sufficient oxygen for all reactions to take place Showing all working, calculate how many ATP molecules could be generated from a single molecule of stearic acid in the cytosol of the cellarrow_forward
- a Imagine that creatine phosphate, rather than ATP, is the universal energy carrier molecule in the human body. Assume that the cellular concentrations of creatine phosphate, creatine, and phosphate are 21.6 mM, 2.16x10-3 mm, and 3.80 mM, respectively. Calculate the weight of creatine phosphate that would need to be consumed each day by a typical adult human if creatine phosphate could not be recycled. (Estimate the free energy of hydrolysis of creatine phosphate under cellular conditions to determine how many moles required. Use the standard free energy AG = -43.3 kJ/mol, and take the temperature to be 37 °C.) AG= kJ/mol Weight of creatine phosphate consumed = 9arrow_forwardThe fatty acid side chains of the phospholipids in the inner mitochondrial membrane exhibit a large proportion of multiple unsaturations. As a result, will the membrane be hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Also will it be more fluid or more rigid? How do these characteristics help explain the observation that the inner membrane is impermeable to ions such as Mg2+ and Cl–? Hint: what moves these ions through the membrane?arrow_forwardIn contrast to phospholipids, the transport of fatty acids across membranes is much more rapid (less than a second). Propose an explanation for this observation.arrow_forward
- In hepatocytes, the enzyme glucokinase catalyzes the ATP-coupled phosphorylation of glucose. Glucokinase binds both ATP and glucose, forming a glucose-ATP-enzyme complex. The enzyme then transfers the phosphoryl group directly from ATP to glucose. Select the advantages of phosphoryl group transfer compared to hydrolysis and subsequent phosphorylation? ATP hydrolysis is thermodynamically unfavorable compared to group transfer. Glucokinase increases the transition state energy, favoring glucose phosphorylation. The process takes advantage of the high phosphoryl group transfer potential of ATP. Reaction intermediates do not need to be present in excess. Incorrectarrow_forwardThe production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient powers the production of ATP in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an organic compound that 'undoes' the hydrogen ion concentration gradient without the production of ATP. It does this by increasing the membrane permeability to hydrogen ions. One use of DNP is as a herbicide.For a brief period in the 1930s, DNP was marketed as a diet pill. Because DNP prevents the production of ATP, the human body will begin to use alternate forms of energy. The result is an increase in the metabolism of fats in the body, thus reducing total body fat. In the presence of DNP, the energy that normally would be converted to ATP for use in the cells is converted to heat instead, causing dangerously high body temperatures.DNP is classified as an illegal substance in Canada and the U.S. although it is still marketed as a commercial chemical. In recent years, several deaths have been reported, primarily in the…arrow_forwardGive typed explanation When an ATP molecule is hydrolyzed in cells, it is quickly recycled back into ATP so that it can be reused. According to most estimates, the average human body has 100g of ATP, but must be hydrolyze around their total body weight in ATP per day to maintain basic metabolism. For a 65 kg person, how many times must each ATP molecule be hydrolyzed and regenerated per day? b) Calculate the heat produced by hydrolysis of 65 kg of ATP (molecular weight of ATP is 507.18)arrow_forward
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