BIOLOGY VOL. II
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781308795317
Author: Raven
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill/Create
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Textbook Question
Chapter 46, Problem 4S
If natural selection favors the evolution of wings in different types of vertebrates, why didn’t it produce structures that were built in the same way?
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Ostrich wings are vestigial because they are too rudimentary to perform the function for which they evolved in the species’ flying ancestor. Nonetheless, the ostrich uses its wings for other purposes. For example, an ostrich may extend its wings to the side while running, to help maintain balance, and it may spread its wings as part of a threat display. These uses show that evolution by natural selection can sometimes repurpose vestigial structures that have lost the function for which they originally evolved. But whether a vestigial structure remains useless or acquires a new function, it is homologous to the version that retains its original function in other organisms and provides evidence of common ancestry. But are all similarities between different organisms the result of shared ancestry?
Flight in birds developed over time due to multiple evolutionary steps. The development of feathers, hollow bones, large flight muscles, and efficient gas exchange was vital for flight. Describe the order in which these adaptations likely evolved and explain your reasoning.
Because of selective forces, the dinosaurs were superbly adapted to their environments. After the dinosaurs became extinct, the small mammals that had been relatively unimportant animals in the background flourished and evolved into many new types, including the line that led to human beings. It is unlikely that these new types would have ever evolved had not the dinosaurs disappeared. If the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by an extraterrestrial impact, did it matter how well they were adapted to their environment? What does this suggest about the starting cause in the evolutionary success of these new types of mammals?
Chapter 46 Solutions
BIOLOGY VOL. II
Ch. 46 - Exoskeletons and endoskeletons differ in that a....Ch. 46 - Worms use a hydrostatic skeleton to generate...Ch. 46 - Bone develops by one of two mechanisms depending...Ch. 46 - Which of the following statements best describes...Ch. 46 - Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction via the...Ch. 46 - Prob. 6UCh. 46 - If you wanted to study the use of ATP during a...Ch. 46 - Place the following events in the correct order....Ch. 46 - You take X-rays of two individuals. Ray has been a...Ch. 46 - You have identified a calcium storage disease in...
Ch. 46 - How do the muscles move your hand through space?...Ch. 46 - How can osteocytes remain alive within bone? a....Ch. 46 - Swimming underwater using forelimbs for propulsion...Ch. 46 - If a drug inhibits the release of ACh, what will...Ch. 46 - Prob. 1SCh. 46 - Prob. 2SCh. 46 - The nerve gas methylphosphonofluoridic acid...Ch. 46 - If natural selection favors the evolution of wings...
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- Flight in birds developed over time as a result of multiple evolutionary steps. The development of feathers, hollow bones, large flight muscles, and efficient gas exchange were all vital for flight. Describe the order in which these adaptations likely evolved and explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardAlong comes Dr Phil Bell and deep in the mines of Lightning Ridge, finds an amazingly preserved pterosaur that preserves feathers. He hypothesises that this means that feathers must have evolved before the origin of dinosaurs and therefore must have been primitive. How would you go about testing this hypothesis of feather origins?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about the phylogeny of birds and reptiles. Question 35 options: a) Birds are more closely related to amphibians then they are to reptiles. b) Birds are a type of reptile, but are not related to dinosaurs. c) Birds and reptiles are the least related vertebrates. d) Birds are a type of reptile and are descended from a group of dinosaurs.arrow_forward
- Birds are supposed to be the dinosaurs' closest relatives. List and explain five reasons why the Aves have been able to adapt (morphological traits) and survive in the ever-changing world we live into this day.arrow_forwardIf you were to build a phylogenetic tree of living animals, which of the following derived characters would appear first? A. deuterostome development B. true tissues C. protostome development D. bilateral symmetryarrow_forwardThe forelimbs of the organisms in Figure 1 are examples of what type of structures? What do these structures indicate about the evolution of the three organisms? What would be an example of a structure analogous to the last structure? How does the anatomy of the forelimbs show an evolutionary pattern?arrow_forward
- Given homologous structures like a bird’s wing & whale’s flipper and analogous structures like a bird's wing & insect's wing, prove evolution.arrow_forwardMorphological analogs are structures having similar functions but different origins. For example, the wing of an airplane and a wing of a bird are analogous but certainly have different origins. Name and explain the comparisons of THREE ideas that humans have borrowed from plants and animals to use in building structures and making materials.arrow_forwardPakicetus is an ancient wolf-like organism that lived 50 million year ago. It had wolf-like ears and nostrils on the front of its skull. Modern whales have a similar ear structure, but their nostrils are on the back of their skull. Aetiocetus lived 25 million years ago, had the same ear structure as both Pakicetus and modern whales, but nostrils in the middle of its skull. According to this information, the most likely conclusion that biologists could draw about the relationship of Aetiocetus to the other organisms is that Aetiocetus...arrow_forward
- What type of evolution does a bird have? Divergent, Convergent, or Parallel?arrow_forwardSearch the Internet about the evidence suggesting that birds and dinasours are closely related. If scientist could extract DNA from dinasour fossils, how could they use the sequence to learn more about the origin of birds?arrow_forwardThe wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ______. a. vestigial structures b. molecular structures c. homologous structures d. analogous structuresarrow_forward
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