Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780133923001
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 41.1, Problem 1CSC
The legs of champion sprinters like Usain Sort have about 80% fast-twitch fibers capable of the rapid, explosive contractions that are so essential to blasting off the starling blocks. The legs of world-class marathoners like Dennis Kimetto. on the other hand, have about 80% slow-t witch fibers, which are less explosive but can rapidly contract again and again, each leg stepping about 11.000 times to complete a marathon. Both athletes probably have roughly the same number of muscle fibers in their legs, but Bolt's muscles are larger because he has mostly thick, fast-twitch fibers, while Kimettos muscles have a predominance of thin, slow-twitch fibers. Are there likely to be differences in Bolt's and Kimetto’s tendons and bones as well? You'll find out in Section 41.3.
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For the following five events, which is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?
1.
Tropomyosin shifts, exposing the myosin-binding sites on actin.
2.
Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to the troponin complex.
3.
An action potential is propagated down the transverse tubules.
4.
Cycles of myosin cross-bridge formation and breakdown cause the thin filaments to slide toward the center of the sarcomere.
5.
An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which triggers an action potential in a muscle fiber.
1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5
3 → 2 → 4 → 1 → 5
2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4
5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4
4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5
Muscle motor unit recruitment follows the pattern of the SO (I) fibers being recruited first followed by the FOG (IIa) and then ultimately by the FG (IIb) if and when workloads require this. Muscle fatigue follows the order that the FG fibers fatigue first, followed by the FOG fibers and finally (maybe never) the SO fibers. Explain how it makes sense physiologically that the last fibers to be recruited to contract are the first to fatigue, while the first fibers to be recruited to contract would be the last to fatigue.
Tropmyosin and Troponin are called the regulatory proteins in muscle contraction. Describe the myofibril organization and specific structural and functional role of these two proteins in muscle contraction-relaxation cycle.
Chapter 41 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
Ch. 41.1 - The legs of champion sprinters like Usain Sort...Ch. 41.1 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 41.1 - White meat or dark? It seems almost everyone has a...Ch. 41.1 - Prob. 1TCCh. 41.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 41.1 - Prob. 2TCCh. 41.1 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 41.1 - explain how the nervous system causes contraction...Ch. 41.2 - describe the similarities and differences between...Ch. 41.2 - compare cardiac and smooth muscle to skeletal...
Ch. 41.3 - As Bolt s and Kimettos athletic feats attest,...Ch. 41.3 - Prob. 1CSRCh. 41.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 41.3 - Prob. 1ETCh. 41.3 - Why are thick, armor like exoskeletons found...Ch. 41.3 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 41.3 - Prob. 2TCCh. 41.3 - list and describe the functions of the different...Ch. 41.3 - explain how a bone fracture is repaired and how...Ch. 41.3 - Prob. 5CYLCh. 41 - Discuss some of the problems that would result. If...Ch. 41 - The three types of skeletal systems found in...Ch. 41 - Prob. 1MCCh. 41 - Sketch a relaxed muscle fiber containing a...Ch. 41 - Prob. 2ACCh. 41 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 41 - Prob. 2MCCh. 41 - Describe the process of skeletal muscle...Ch. 41 - A skeletal muscle cells is called a(n)__________....Ch. 41 - Prob. 3MCCh. 41 - Explain the following two statements: Muscles can...Ch. 41 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 41 - Prob. 4MCCh. 41 - What are the three types of skeletons found in...Ch. 41 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 41 - Prob. 5MCCh. 41 - Compare the structures of the following pairs:...Ch. 41 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 41 - Explain the functions of osteoblasts and...Ch. 41 - Prob. 7FIBCh. 41 - Describe a hinge joint and how it is moved by...
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- In the diagram below, label the fine structure of a muscle, down to one of its myofibrils. Identify the basic unit of contraction in a myofibril.arrow_forwardFigure 38.37 Which of the following statements about muscle contraction is true? The power stroke occurs when ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the myosin head. The power stroke occurs when ADP and phosphate dissociate from the actin active site. The power stroke occurs when Ca2+ binds the calcium head.arrow_forwardIn the process called "excitation-contraction coupling" (the events that lead up to a muscle cell's contraction), what part of this process is disrupted by death? (Actually, all of it is disrupted by death, but we can pinpoint a linkage between death, and the onset of rigor mortis--as well as explaining why rigor mortis eventually ends.)arrow_forward
- Hill's equation gives a relation between muscle contraction rates νν and muscle tension TT (T+α)(ν+β)=(T0+α)β(T+α)(ν+β)=(T0+α)β for positive parameters αα and ββ and resting tension T0T0. Rewrite the equation so that the contraction rate is a function of tension.arrow_forwardConsidering the Length-Tension Relationship of skeletal muscle fibers, over stretching a muscle fiber or not stretching a muscle fiber enough, results ina decrease in force developed (during contraction) because: 27. A. An "over-stretched" muscle fiber or an “under-stretched" muscle fiber will not allow Calcium, from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, to adequately diffuse into the cytoplasm. B. An "over-stretched" muscle fiber or an "under-stretched" muscle fiber will not allow an optimum amount of contact and overlap for the contractile proteins. C. An "over-stretched" muscle fiber or an“under-stretched" muscle fiber will not allow the Action Potential to reach the troponin-activation channels. D. An "over-stretched" muscle fiber or an "under-stretched" muscle fiber will not allow the Sodium current to depolarize the membrane. Teurons toarrow_forwardDefine the all-or-none principle. The same student remarked that at 180 mV stimulus, it is expected that 100 g mass is lifted by the muscle fibre. Do you agree or disagree? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Concerning the cross-bridge (CB) power stroke, it is true that: O a. All of these O b. In concentric contractions, the CB power stroke pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere, causing sarcomere shortening O C. In isometric contractions, the CB power stroke pulls the actin filament straight down, preventing shortening or lengthening O d. In eccentric contractions, the CB power stroke pushes the actin filament away from the center of the sarcomere, causing sarcomere lengthening TOSHIBAarrow_forwardWhat effect does increasing the frequency of action potentials in askeletal muscle fiber have upon the force of contraction? Explain the mechanism responsible for this effect?arrow_forwardDescribe and explain the sliding filament model of contraction. Be sure to include in your response a comparison between a relaxed and contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber.arrow_forward
- Humming birds and rattlesnakes can contract and relax skeletal muscle very quickly, i.e. in 10-20 milliseconds. Which of the following steps must they have shortened to speed up contractions? more brief neuronal action potentials more brief skeletal muscle attion potentials shorter duration of calcium in the cytosol all of the abovearrow_forwardDuring one cross-bridging cycle in striated muscle one ATP molecule is hydrolyzed. Explain the two times when the energy from this hydrolysis is used, and what “work” is done in each case.arrow_forwardIn light of the "all or none" law of muscle contraction, how can you explain the graded response?arrow_forward
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