(a) Use differentials to find a formula for the approximate volume of a thin cylindrical shell with height h, inner radius r, and thickness Δr. (b) What is the error involved in using the formula from part (a)

(i) Using the integral definition below, find the average density of the Earth given the following information: Oceanic Plate where can be written as 3-5 miles thick ● Diagram not drawn to scale 1400 miles Thick 1800 miles thick 5-25 miles thick 800 miles thick Continental Plate Mantle (Flows with the consistancy of asphalt) Scale everything in terms of the radius of the Earth R ( 4000 miles here for simplicity), so that in terms of the variable y r/R, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, the integral for the average density p=2³3r²p(r)dr Outer Core (Iron and nickel in the liquid state) Inner Core (Iron and nickel in the solid state} p=3√ 1²p(v)dy, p(y) = P₁, 0≤ y ≤yi, = P2, y1 ≤y ≤y2, = P3, y2 ≤y ≤ y3, = P4, Y3 ≤ y ≤ 1. INNER CORE (0 ≤ y ≤ yı): Earth's inner core has the highest density p₁ 13 g/cm³. OUTER CORE (1 ≤ y ≤ y2): Next, the outer core has a density P2 11 g/cm³. LOWER MANTLE (y2 ≤ y ≤y3): The lower mantle has a significantly lower density P35 g/cm³. This is about 1400 miles thick.

Suppose you have a conical tank of height 4m and radius 1m filled with a liquid of density p (shown below). R= 1 H = 4 (a) Calculate the work required to pump all of the liquid to the top of the tank. (Your answer will be in terms of p.) (b) Now suppose your tank is inverted. H = 4 R = 1 Calculate the work required to pump all of the liquid to the top of the tank (now the vertex of the cone) in this case. (c) Use your answers to (a) and (b) to determine if the amount of work required to pump the water to the top of the tank depends on the orientation of the tank (i.e. whether or not the tank is inverted). If it doesn't, briefly explain why it makes sense that the work is the same. If it does, briefly explain why it makes sense that work is different.