Physical Universe
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780077510534
Author: KRAUSKOPF
Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Higher Education (us)
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 15, Problem 44MC
The chief constituent of volcanic gases is
- a. nitrogen
- b. oxygen
- c. carbon dioxide
- d. water vapour
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
If we pushed the Earth closer to the Sun, it would develop a thick, CO2-rich atmosphere like Venus. All of that CO2 would come from the Earth's
a.
sea floor after the oceans evaporate
b.
mantle after the crust melts
c.
volcanic eruptions which would become more frequent
d.
polar regions after the ice caps melt
8. The energy released đuring an earthquake can be calculated using the formula E(M) =(10'")“,
where E is the energy in kWh (kilowatt hours) and M is the magnitude of the carthquake.
a. The magnitude 9.5 earthquake in Southern Chile on May 22, 1960 is thought to be the
strongest earthquake that has ever occurred. Use the formula above to caleulate the energy
released during this earthquake. Express the answer in scientific notation, to the nearest tenth.
b. An earthquake of magnitude 3 may not be felt or noticed by most people. Calculate the
energy, to the nearest tenth, that is released during an earthquake of this strength. (
c. Compared to a magnitude 3 carthquake, how many times greater was the energy that was
released during the 1960 earthquake in Chile?
d. An earthquake that occurred in Central Canada in 2010 released approximately 30 000 000
kWh energy. Find the magnitude, to the nearest whole number, associated with this
carthquake.
M7
Chapter 15 Solutions
Physical Universe
Ch. 15 - The most abundant element in the earths crust is...Ch. 15 - The second most abundant element is a. iron b....Ch. 15 - Minerals are a. silicon compounds b. common types...Ch. 15 - The tendency of certain minerals to split along...Ch. 15 - Feldspar is a. relatively rare in the earths crust...Ch. 15 - Quartz is a. a variety of feldspar b. a variety of...Ch. 15 - A mineral that is not a silicate is a. quartz b....Ch. 15 - The ferromagnesian minerals are usually a....Ch. 15 - Igneous rocks have been formed by a. cooling from...Ch. 15 - Rocks that have been altered by heat and pressure...
Ch. 15 - Most crustal rocks a. were formed from compacted...Ch. 15 - A general characteristic of rocks of volcanic...Ch. 15 - Foliation occurs in a. sedimentary rocks b....Ch. 15 - An example of a foliated rock is a. marble b....Ch. 15 - An example of a light-colored, coarse-grained...Ch. 15 - Limestone may be metamorphosed into a. marble b....Ch. 15 - Shale may be metamorphosed into a. marble b....Ch. 15 - Mica is present in a. marble b. chert c. basalt d....Ch. 15 - Fossils are most likely to be found in a. granite...Ch. 15 - Most earthquakes are caused by shifts of rocks...Ch. 15 - Regions in which earthquakes are frequent are also...Ch. 15 - Relative to an earthquake of magnitude 5 on the...Ch. 15 - Which one or more of the following statements...Ch. 15 - The earths crust a. has very nearly the same...Ch. 15 - The part of the earth with the greatest volume is...Ch. 15 - The radius of the earths core is roughly a. 110...Ch. 15 - The rocks of the mantle are believed to consist...Ch. 15 - Among the reasons why the earths core is believed...Ch. 15 - The chief source of the energy that powers...Ch. 15 - The earths magnetic field a. never changes b. has...Ch. 15 - If we travel around the earth, we would find that...Ch. 15 - A rock readily attacked by chemical weathering is...Ch. 15 - The principal agent of erosion is a. groundwater...Ch. 15 - Which of the following is not produced by rivers?...Ch. 15 - Glaciers produce which one or more of the...Ch. 15 - The last stage in the erosion of a river is the...Ch. 15 - Prob. 37MCCh. 15 - A fairly fast valley glacier might have a speed of...Ch. 15 - Most of the groundwater present in soil and...Ch. 15 - An aquifer is a. a river or stream on the surface...Ch. 15 - The largest amounts of sediment are deposited a....Ch. 15 - Minerals deposited by groundwater in rock fissures...Ch. 15 - Most caves are produced by the solvent action of...Ch. 15 - The chief constituent of volcanic gases is a....Ch. 15 - Prob. 45MCCh. 15 - The most common volcanic rock is a. granite b....Ch. 15 - Prob. 47MCCh. 15 - Active volcanoes are not found a. in the West...Ch. 15 - A batholith is a a. fissure from which groundwater...Ch. 15 - Arrange these elements in decreasing order of...Ch. 15 - Do silicon compounds make up less than a quarter,...Ch. 15 - What is the relationship between rocks and...Ch. 15 - What mineral is most abundant in the earths crust?...Ch. 15 - Both cleavage and crystal form are characteristic...Ch. 15 - Graphite consists of layers of carbon atoms in...Ch. 15 - In the silicate minerals each Si4+ ion is always...Ch. 15 - How could you distinguish calcite crystals from...Ch. 15 - Are the mineral grains in an igneous rock usually...Ch. 15 - Granite and rhyolite have similar compositions,...Ch. 15 - Diorite is an igneous rock that has hardened...Ch. 15 - Obsidian is a rock that resembles glass, in...Ch. 15 - In what way does calcite differ from almost all...Ch. 15 - Of what rock do coral reefs consist?Ch. 15 - What is the nature of chert and why is it so...Ch. 15 - What kind of rocks are most abundant in the earths...Ch. 15 - What happens to the density of a rock that...Ch. 15 - Why is gneiss the most abundant metamorphic rock?Ch. 15 - The mineral grains of many metamorphic rocks are...Ch. 15 - Shale is a sedimentary rock that consolidated from...Ch. 15 - (a) What is the origin of limestone? (b) What rock...Ch. 15 - Distinguish between the foliation of a metamorphic...Ch. 15 - Distinguish between quartz and quartzite.Ch. 15 - How could you distinguish (a) chert from obsidian;...Ch. 15 - How could you distinguish (a) granite from gabbro;...Ch. 15 - Name the following rocks: (a) a rock consisting of...Ch. 15 - Name the following rocks: (a) a fine-grained,...Ch. 15 - Prob. 28ECh. 15 - Each step on the Richter scale of earthquake...Ch. 15 - What can be said about an earthquake whose...Ch. 15 - Why is the mantle thought to be solid?Ch. 15 - (a) Distinguish between earthquake P and S waves....Ch. 15 - In what part of the earth does the rock motion...Ch. 15 - An earthquake occurs far from an observing station...Ch. 15 - How does the radius of the earths core compare...Ch. 15 - Where is the earths crust thinnest? Where is it...Ch. 15 - What evidence is there in favor of the idea that...Ch. 15 - What is the source of the energy that powers most...Ch. 15 - (a) Why is it believed that the earths outer core...Ch. 15 - Why does a compass needle in most places not point...Ch. 15 - Why is it unlikely that the earths magnetic field...Ch. 15 - Prob. 42ECh. 15 - Why are igneous and metamorphic rocks in general...Ch. 15 - Both marble and slate are metamorphic rocks. Would...Ch. 15 - In what way is the weathering of rock important to...Ch. 15 - Prob. 46ECh. 15 - Is there a limit to the depth to which streams can...Ch. 15 - Why are streams and rivers so effective as agents...Ch. 15 - Under what circumstances does a glacier form?Ch. 15 - Which is the more important agent of erosion...Ch. 15 - Prob. 51ECh. 15 - How is it possible for glaciers to wear down rocks...Ch. 15 - What is a water table? An aquifer?Ch. 15 - What is the immediate destination of most of the...Ch. 15 - What is the eventual site of deposition of most...Ch. 15 - Distinguish between an alluvial fan and a moraine.Ch. 15 - Why are clay minerals and quartz particles...Ch. 15 - In sand derived from the attack of waves on...Ch. 15 - What is the probable origin of the following...Ch. 15 - What characteristic landscape features do active...Ch. 15 - Prob. 61ECh. 15 - What factors determine the viscosity of a magma?...Ch. 15 - What is the cause of the holes found in many...Ch. 15 - Prob. 64ECh. 15 - (a) Why are metamorphic rocks often found near...Ch. 15 - Distinguish between a dike and a vein.
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, physics and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Suppose earthquake A registers two more points on the Richter scale than earthquake B. a. How are their corresponding intensities related? b. How are their released energies related? a. Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your choice. O A. A = IB + O B. A = Oc. 'A ='B O D. IA = lB -arrow_forward13. How deep in the crust is 10 kbar? Lithostatic pressure within the crusts results from the weight of the rocks above. Assume an average density of 2750 kg/m3. Use the equation P=p*g*h or P/(p *g)=h 23kPa/m P=pressure (e.g. kbar), p=density, g-gravity 9.8 m/s2, h= depth (m), 1 kbar=1,000 bars, 1 bar=100,000 Pa, 1 Pa=kg/(m*s2), 1 kbar =100,000,000 Pa, 1 km =1000 m. Give your answer in kilometers.arrow_forwardSupercooled water freezing onto a snowflake is called a. a. Deposition b. d. Sublimation c. c. Accretion d. b. Aggregation e. e. Evaporationarrow_forward
- The origin of Earth's magnetism is due to moving charges in Earth's? A. liquid inner core B. liquid outer core C. solid inner core D. solid outer corearrow_forward12. Which part of the earth makes up about one-third of earth’s total mass and is mostly iron witha solid part and a part that acts like a liquid?A. mantle B. core C. crust D. asthenospherearrow_forward1. Describe the behavior of the "lava" once the lamp is up to temperature. In what way(s) does it mimic Magma? 2. What are the causes of the material rising and then falling? 3. What conditions must be present to make this occur? Think about energy but also think about the nature of the materials involved.arrow_forward
- A seismic survey is conducted in a region with two layers. The top layer is shale, with density 2500 kg/m3, and seismic velocity of 2900m/s, and the bottom layer is sandstone, with a density of 2100 kg/m3, and a seismic velocity of 3000m/s. The reflection coefficient will bea. Positiveb. Negativec. Zerod. Not enough informationarrow_forward5. The "iceberg analogy" for the isostatic equilibrium of the continental crust turns out to be quite the relative density of icebergs versus seawater is close to the relative density of continental crust versus mantle. Glacial ice is about 15% less dense than seawater; likewise continental crust is about 15% less dense than the mantle. This leads to a simple rule that we can call the 1-to-8 rule: for every 1 unit of extra elevation for an iceberg or a mountain belt, there need to be 8 units of total thickness. These iceberg examples illustrate the idea: an iceberg 3 meters above sea level is 24 meters thick an iceberg 1 meter above sea level is 8 meters thick an iceberg 2 meters above sea level is 16 meters thick 3m 2m water level 1m >7m 14m 21m For the following questions, apply the 1-to-8 rule, assuming continental crust in isostatic equilibrium. a. Continental crust at sea level averages about 35 kilometers thick. (1 km = 0.6 miles.) Therefore, in general, how thick must the crust…arrow_forwardWhile in Hawaii, you want to visit Mauna Loa. Your friend, however, is afraid to go anywhere near the volcano because it might explode like Mount Saint Helens. Explain to your friend why Mauna Loa, which erupts regularly, can be expected to erupt peacefully. Then explain how geologists knew in advance that if and when Mount Saint Helens blew, it would be a dangerously explosive eruption.arrow_forward
- Describe each of the following and state whether it is a fast or a slow type of mass wasting: (a) rockslide, (b) creep, and (c) slump.arrow_forward14. Coal reserves in the United States are expected to last for A. hundreds of years B. three or four decades C. 72 years D. less than a decadearrow_forwardb. Under what condition is a material or a rock mass considered to: i. Have positive Poisson’s ratio ii. Have negative Poisson’s ratio iii. Possess planar discontinuity iv. Exhibit positive deformation v. Exhibit negative deformation?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- An Introduction to Physical SciencePhysicsISBN:9781305079137Author:James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage LearningPhysics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology ...PhysicsISBN:9781305116399Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. JewettPublisher:Cengage LearningHorizons: Exploring the Universe (MindTap Course ...PhysicsISBN:9781305960961Author:Michael A. Seeds, Dana BackmanPublisher:Cengage Learning
An Introduction to Physical Science
Physics
ISBN:9781305079137
Author:James Shipman, Jerry D. Wilson, Charles A. Higgins, Omar Torres
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Technology ...
Physics
ISBN:9781305116399
Author:Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Horizons: Exploring the Universe (MindTap Course ...
Physics
ISBN:9781305960961
Author:Michael A. Seeds, Dana Backman
Publisher:Cengage Learning
A Level Physics – Ideal Gas Equation; Author: Atomi;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0EFrmah7h0;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY