ZIP codes, revisited The intern from the marketingdepartment at the Holes R Us online piercing salon(Chapter 3, Exercise 53) has recently finished a studyof the company’s 500 customers. He wanted to knowwhether people’s ZIP codes vary by the last productthey bought. They have 16 different products, and theANOVA table of ZIP code by product showed thefollowing:Source DFSum ofSquaresMeanSquare F-Ratio P-ValueProduct 15 3.836e10 2.55734e9 4.9422 60.0001Error 475 2.45787e11 517445573Total 490 2.84147e11(Nine customers were not included because of missingZIP code or product information.)What criticisms of the analysis might you make? Whatalternative analysis might you suggest?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.