You have a model consisting of 3 layers with seismic velocities v1, v2, v3, and thicknesses h1, h2, and h3, where h3 --> ∞ a. Describe a scenario where the second layer may not be detected using refraction seismic. b. Describe a scenario where the second layer may not be detected using reflection seismic.

What does laminar (layered) flow indicates?

A long‐span suspension bridge is going to be built in an active seismic region in Japan. The structural earthquake engineer can choose the design ground‐motion parameter with respect to three return periods: 475, 950 and 2500 years. Which is the most suitable return period to select and why? What is the associated probability of the peak ground acceleration for the return period being exceeded?

11.7 Use both equations to calculate the vibration period (Ta) for the following structures. Vibration Period The seismic provisions of ASCE-7 code provide two empirical equations for approximate calculation of the tall buildings' first mode vibration period. Equation 1: To = Cthnx* hax is the building height above ground (in feet); C, and x are given in the table below. Table - Values of Approximate Period Parameters Ct and x Ct X Structure Type Steel moment-resisting frames Concrete moment-resisting frames Steel eccentrically braced frames Steel buckling-restrained braced frames All other structural systems Equation 2: Tg = 0.1 N where N = number of stories above the base a) Two-story, 24 ft tall, light frame wood building b) Five-story, 70 ft tall, concrete moment-resisting frame building 0.028 0.016 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.8 0.9 0.75 0.75 0.75 c) Thirty-story, 320-ft tall high-rise with dual system of steel concentric brace frame and steel moment-resisting frames