X-RAY RADIATION Constants Units of Energy h = 6.626 - 10-3“ J•sec Planck constant e = 1.6- 10-19 C charge of electron e = 3- 10" m/sec speed of light m = 9.11. 10- kg mass of electron 1 ev = 1,602-10-" J 1 kev = 1,602-10-"J 1. Relationship between X-ray frequency and wavelength: K-cathode A- anode here A is wavelength (m), f is frequency (Hz), e is speed of light (m/sec). Х-гауs clectrons 2. Energy of X-rays photon: E = hfmaz = Amin is minimum wavelength of X-ray radiation (m), fmar is maximum frequency of X-ray radiation (Hz), h is Planck constant (I sec), c is speed of light propagation in vacuum (m'sec). 3. In the X-ray tube, firstly, the energy of electric field is transformed into the kinetic energy of electron motion: my? ela = and then the kinetic energy of electron motion is transferred into energy of X-ray photons: - = hfmar fmax is maximum frequency of X-ray radiation (Hz), h is Planck constant I sec), c is speed of light propagation in vacuum (m/sec), e is charge of electron (C), m mass of electron (kg), U, is potential difference or voltage between cathode and anode (V), v is speed of clectrons motion (m/sec). 4. Relationship between wavelenth of X-ray radintion and Voltage on the tube: 1.23 Amin (nm) = Da(kv) U, is potential difference or voltage between cathode and anode (V), 2min is minimum wavelength of X-ray radiation (m). 5. Linear attenuation coefficient (I/m): H= k-p-2.2', k = 10-° is coefficient of proportionality (W/VA), p is density of the material (kg/m'), Z is atomic number of the material, i is wavelength of X-ray radiation (m). 6. Mass attenuation coefficient (m'kg): H. =-= kza H is linear attemuation coefficient, k= 10-° is coefficient of proportionality (W/V-A), p is density of the material (kg/m), Z is atomic number of the material, i is wavelength of X-ray radiation (m). 7. Attenuation of X-ray radiation intensity: I = lbe "Hd here I, is the initial intensity of X-rays (W/m); / is the intensity of X-rays after passing a material of (1/m) 8. Half value layer. HVL =- In(2) 0,693 u is lincar attenuation coefficient (1/m).

from 7/2 to TI from (–10) to (10) (2a) The average of f(x) = cos(3x) (2b) The average of f(x) = x² (2c) The average of f(x) = 2x sin(x) (2d) The average of f(x) = 3x from 0 to ↑ %3D from (-3) to (3)

If density of mercury is 13600 kg/ m = 9.8 m/s?. Find the energy of translation 3 and g %3D per cubic metre of oxygen at N.T.P.

Rose bengal is a chromophore used in biological staining that has an absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and several other shorter wavelength absorption bands in the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum when dissolved in ethanol. What is the energy difference, in kilojoules per mole, between the absorption maximum at 559.1 nm and a band at 221.5 nm? E = kJ/mol