Write the electron configuration for Gd and Gd3+ using the condensed noble gas notation. Identify which orbitals lose electrons to yield the +3 cation based on the above information. Explain your reasoning (2-3 sentences). b) Curium (Cm) is an actinide element named for Marie Curie. Cm is in the same group as Gd and also forms a +3 cation. Write the electron configuration for Cm and Cm3+. c) While +3 is the most common oxidation state for lanthanide elements, some can form +2 ions. Identify an isoelectronic ion to Gd3+ that has a +2 oxidation state and indicate which orbitals lose electrons to form that ion.
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
The gadolinium +3 ion (Gd3+) has advantageous magnetic properties for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) applications, specifically a high number of unpaired electrons. In fact, both neutral Gd and Gd3+ have a set of degenerate orbitals with seven unpaired electrons.
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a) Write the electron configuration for Gd and Gd3+ using the condensed noble gas notation. Identify which orbitals lose electrons to yield the +3 cation based on the above information. Explain your reasoning (2-3 sentences).
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b) Curium (Cm) is an actinide element named for Marie Curie. Cm is in the same group as Gd and also forms a +3 cation. Write the electron configuration for Cm and Cm3+.
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c) While +3 is the most common oxidation state for lanthanide elements, some can form +2 ions. Identify an isoelectronic ion to Gd3+ that has a +2 oxidation state and indicate which orbitals lose electrons to form that ion.
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