Wing Length for Ground Finches Observed in the Wet Seasons of 1973 and 1978 Wet 1973: all finches # of finches 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30.0-34.9 35.0-39.9 40.0-44.9 50.0-54.9 55.0-59.9 60.0-64.9 65.0-69.9 Wing Length (mm) Source: inquiryHub 70.0- 75.0-79.9 # of finches 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30.0-34.9 35.0-39,9 Wet 1978: all finches 40.0-44.9 50.0-54.9 95.0-59.9 679-0091 65.0-69.9 70.0-74.9 75.0-2 Wing Length (mm) Source: inquiryHub

10) The following figure describes results from an experiment in which brood size in breeding European kestrels was manipulated. Which of the following statements are supported by these results? Flight (hours/day) Adult survival rate (%) 007 CO 10 3 cu 1 0 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 T 1 Female Question 10 options: • Male 2 3 4 5 6 Brood size (number of chicks) 1 7 Survival of adult males decreased with increasing brood size. Females spent more time foraging (measured as hours spent daily in flight) than did males. Brood size decreased with date (i.e., late season broods were smaller than early season broods).

Environment: Polluted Forest   Moths Released G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 Typica 810 327 303 169 103 59 Carbonaria 190 240 486 693 974 1407 Total 1000 567 789 862 1077 1466 Phenotype Frequency   Color Initial Frequency Frequency G5 Typica w 0.81   Carbonaria b 0.19   Allele Frequency   Allele Initial Allele Frequency G5 Allele Frequency q d 0.90   p D 0.10   Genotype Frequency   Moths Genotype Color Moths Released Initial Frequency Frequency G5 Number of Moths G5 q2 typica dd w 810 0.81     2pq carbonaria Dd b 180 0.18     p2 carbonaria DD b 10 0.01

What defense benefits do ants provide to acacia trees? What benefits do acacia trees provide ants? Using the graphs below, explain which trends, numbers and changes provide evidence that acacia trees and ants form a mutualistic relationship. Include a definition of coevolution and mutualism in your reply. (a) Acacia stems containing herbivorous insects (percent) 50% 40 30 20 10 0 With ants Without ants

14 Question 7 My Response The strawberry poison-dart frog, Oophaga pumilio, has many bright color variations among populations. The bright colors act as warning coloration, letting predators know that the frog contains a poisonous substance in its skin. Researchers wanted to know how the introduction of a predator that was immune to the frog poison would affect the color variation in the frog populations. Researchers made clay models of five different frogs that differed only in color and placed the models in a variety of locations in the frogs' Central American habitats. The researchers recorded the number of times birds attacked the models during a fixed period of time. The results of the study are shown in the table and graph. The visibility rating of each color variation is a measure of how easy it is for predators to see the frogs and is based on color brightness and color contrast with the frogs' habitat. A higher visibility rating suggests that an individual frog is easier to…

80% 2 of 6 11. Which of the following can limit where a population is located? A. Temperature B. Sunlight С. Food D. All of the above 12. Giant tortoises weighing up to 150 kg live on a large tropical island in the western Indian Ocean. The population is quite large, with more than 150,000 individuals. The tortoises graze during the early morning and later afternoon, but spend midday resting in any available shade. If they do not get out of the hot, tropical, noonday sun, they overheat and dle. Trees and bushes are scarce in many parts of the island, so shade is often scarce too, Are the sun and the shade density dependent or density independent factors? (Try to find the priority information here. there are some distractors. Think about your definitions for the words below.) A. density dependent B. density independent 13. Which of the following statements is correct? A Ponulation size of nredators increases when their nrey's nonulation is low VI am finis!