Why is the return associated with common stock referred to as a residual claim? Contrast this kind of claim with a fixed claim

Provide some examples of items that would be adjusted directly against equity, rather than being included as part of profit or loss.( Explain breifly)

k) define a protective put.     l) demonstrate an understanding of the position of buying a protective put by identifying the breakeven stock price, the maximum profit, and the maximum loss.     m) discuss the similarities between a protective put and an insurance policy.       n) discuss the similarities between the exercise price in a protective put and the deductible in an insurance policy.        o) demonstrate an understanding of the constructions of a synthetic put by identifying the breakeven stock price, the maximum profit, and the maximum loss.

Describe the process of determining the Cost of Equity?

Describe the rules and discuss the main disadvantages of the following models:   Asset Based Valuations  Method of Comparables  Dividend Discount Model

What is the partial equity method? How does it differ from the equity method? What are its advantages and disadvantages compared to the equity method?

Describe the benefits and limitations of the dividend discount model and the dividend discount-derived P/E ratio.

provide some examples of items that would be adjusted directly against equity, rather than being included as part of profit or loss.   please explain in detail to understand

what are the examples of Items that can  be adjusted directly against equity rather than including profit or loss?

Provide some examples of items that would be adjusted directly against equity, rather than being included as part of profit or loss.