Which one is known as the second messenger?

Q: How can you tell epinephrine is a peptide hormone and not a steroid one by looking at the picture?

A: hormones are chemicals which are secreted by specialized organs in small quantities to produce…

Q: Which of the following could be a reason(s) why a signalling cascade is interrupted, or turned…

A: It is true that cellular signalling follows a cascade of events and has multiple points of…

Q: You find a monster that produces a hormone that uses standard G-protein receptor pathways to prepare…

A: G protein is a heteromeric protein made from three units, alpha, beta and gamma. When a ligand binds…

Q: In liver cells, glycogen phosphorylase acts in which of the three stages of the signaling pathway…

A: Cells typically convey using chemical signals,  to observe a sign an acquaintance cell must have the…

Q: The figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the binding of adrenaline to the…

A: The hormones are chemical messengers that activates specific cell signalling pathway in the target…

Q: adrenaline adenylyl cyclase CYTOSOL GDP ATP dissociated R-subunit of PKA CAMP inactive PKA active…

A: The cell signalling process is the medium of communicating between different cells in our body and…

Q: What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?

A: Signal transduction is a biochemical process through which molecular signals got transmitted from…

Q: Which of the following statements about G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic AMP is WRONG? Cyclic…

A: A target protein is activated for as long as the two are in touch when an activated subunit…

Q: Which of the following statements are true? a) Phospholipase C catalyzes the conversion of PIP3 to…

A: PI3K is a plasma membrane lipid kinase and Phospholipase C is an enzyme that is plasma…

Q: What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?

A: G-protein coupled receptor refers to the cell surface receptor that recognizes molecules (ligand)…

Q: Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical…

A: Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic…

Q: Explain how G Protein Coupled receptors activate G proteins and how RGS (Regulator of G Protein…

A: The explanation for the above question is given below.

Q: Please identify the incorrect statement about hormone signaling: A) Cystolic receptors bind to…

A: The signaling molecules fall into 2 groups  Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic molecules. Hydrophilic…

Q: Nitric oxide produced by the endothelial layer of blood vessels stimulates the smooth muscle layer…

A: The ability of internal communication was established from protista group. In course of evolution,…

Q: Please Name and explain the four classes of chemical messengers.

A: Any substance that transmits a message in our body is referred to as a chemical messenger.

Q: Select any of the regulator mechanisms that would amplify cAMP signaling. A) Cell produces more…

A: Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a small molecule derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that acts as a…

Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…

Q: Which of the following is the most accurate process? Activation of G protein → change in activity of…

A: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most numerous and varied class of membrane receptors…

Q: List the two major classes of receptors for chemical messengers?

A: In a biological system, receptors are the protein structures that help in the transmission of…

Q: What is the benefit of using second messengers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction…

A: Cell signaling involves the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. Cells…

Q: Is protein kinase A a second messenger in the adenylate cyclase pathway?

A: Secondary messenger is the low molecular weight, intracellular molecule produced in high…

Q: GTPγS is a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP. Suppose this compound were added to a cell-free system…

A: Adrenergic signaling systems such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) use GTP hydrolysis for…

Q: Draw a diagram describing the adenylyl cyclase–cAMP system.

A: GPCR is the largest family of cell surface receptor that transmits signals to intracellular target…

Q: Signaling by tyrosine kinase receptors is generally associated with all of the following except: OA)…

A: A hormone is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant…

Q: based on this image, please list the steps of fear response and what type of modulation triggers…

A: Fear could be a widespread feeling. We have all felt it at a few point. It is characterized by a…

Q: Which of the following is a intracellular second messengers? a) Glycine b) Glutamate c)…

A: Intracellular second messengers are small molecules that are produced inside cells in response to…

Q: Why is the lifetime of second messengers so crucial to signaling efficiency? Example: Genetically…

A: Secondary messengers act as mediators of information between cell-surface receptors and effector…

Q: In the above signalling diagram, hormone H binds to both an intracellular and a cell surface…

A: Hormone receptors These are receptor molecules that bind to a particular hormone. These receptors…

Q: What are the two general possible signaling pathways follow after a G-protein coupled receptor binds…

A: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most numerous and varied class of membrane receptors…

Q: What do steroid hormone signaling and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling have in common?…

A: A vital cellular communication mechanism involved in many physiological processes, such as cell…

Q: Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession…

A: An endocrine pathway occurs by the secretion of hormone  from a specific gland directly into the…

Q: Describe how tyrosine is degraded.

A: Introduction: Tyrosine is one of the 20 essential amino acids that cells use to make proteins. It's…

Q: The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells.…

A: The image shows the epinephrine signalling pathway in muscle cells.  Epinephrine is secreted from…

Q: What is the difference between a G protein and a receptor tyrosine kinase? Give an example of a…

A: Proteins are synthesized from the polypeptide molecules and function in several metabolic roles.

Q: Signaling by tyrosine kinase receptors is generally associated with all of the following except: A)…

A: In contrast to G protein-coupled receptors where the cytosolic domain of the receptor is close to…

Q: Intracellular signaling pathways provide multiple opportunities for the amplification of a response…

A: there are several intracellular signaling pathways works together in a body that regulates normal…

Q: Up-regulation of the reception in the cell signaling means:

A: Receptors are usually proteins , which are present on the cell membrane, which binds to the ligand…

Q: Explain how each of the following is a signaling molecule, an effector molecule or an adaptor…

A: Introduction :- Ligands, a broad name for compounds that bind selectively to other molecules, are…

Q: A hormone epinephrine binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activate multiple signaling pathways…

A: Introduction :- Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is…

Q: Beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disorders because they are antagonists at…

A: Beta blockers are used as medications that reduce blood pressure. These compounds can prevent…

Q: An extracellular signaling molecule binds to cell surface receptor. This cell surface receptor…

A: According to the question, An extracellular signaling molecule binds to a cell surface receptor.…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.