Which of these is not a reducing sugar

Hello, I need help answering number 40(INCLUDING SUB-PARTS) multiple choice questions. Pls and thank you! 40. A.) If all current mitochondrial DNA sequences in humans coalesce to one dated to 70,000 years ago, then: a) this mitochondrial Eve was the only female living 70,000 ago b) this mitochondrial DNA lineage is the only one persisting to the present time c) this mitochondrial Eve can be matched to a single male who lived 70,000 years ago (Y-chromosome Adam) d) mitochondrial DNA diversity 70,000 years ago was definitely higher than that present now B.) If the climate is warming faster than at any time in the last 800,000 years or more, then: a) strong directional selection for adaptations that allow survival and reproduction in a warmer world will be present b) sufficient additive genetic variance will be present to allow rapid adaptation to a warmer world c) mutation rates will increase to cause more adaptive mutations d) mutation rates will decrease due to the effect of heat on…

Please help with the following: The distribution of epidermal melanin shows a remarkable diversity in human populations and, in this sense, it is an atypical trait. Statement 1: Numerous genetic studies have indicated that the average proportion of genetic variation due to differences among major continental groups is just 10-15% of the total genetic variation. Statement 2: Skin pigmentation shows large differences among continental populations. Statement 3: The distribution of skin pigmentation can be traced back primarily to the strong influence of natural selection, which has shaped the distribution of pigmentation according to a latitudinal gradient. A. Statements two and three are true but statement one is false. B. Statements one and three are true but statement two is false. C. Statements one and two are true but statement three is false. D. All three statements are true. E. All three statements are false.

All flesh is grass. Comment.