Which of the following statements is FALSE and why?  IE = ionization energy, Zeff= effective nuclear charge. A. Sodium has the smallest atomic radius in its period due to its high value of Zeff B. The Zeff for Boron is less than the Zeff  for Carbon. C. The first IE for oxygen is less than the first IE for fluorine.

Using the golf ball analogy, where the golf ball represents the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, what would be the ratio of the diameter of the nucleus to that of the complete atom? 1. 2. What was the key piece of evidence used by Rutherford to claim that an aton was mostly empty space? Which wavelength is the most energetic? Which is the least energetic? 3. 4. What do you notice about the colour of the light produced from the hydrogen tube? 5. If the tube produced all frequencies of visible light, what colour would the light be? 6. The scale is in nanometers (nm). How many nanometers in a meter? 7. Record (in chart form) the wavelength of each of the coloured lines in the hydrogen emission spectrum 8. Which gas most closely matches the emission spectrum? Explain how you came to this conclusion. 9. What is the relationship between the number of levels and the number of lines? If an atom had 7 energy levels (n =1 to n = 7) how many spectral lines would we expect to be able to see? How many…

8. lonization of which of the following elements is most energetically costly? A. Ne В. Na1+ C. Mg2* D. A13+ E. Not enough information to tell

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What value is the closest estimate of Zeff for a valence electron of the calcium atom? A. 1 B. 2 Zeff = 20 protons - 18 core electrons = 2 C. 6 D. 20 E. 40

Which of the following statements are true concerning the core charge of carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. a. The core charge would change because the number of neutrons are changed in these isotopes of carbon b. The core charge would remain the same since the number of protons changed with the number of electrons c. The core charge would be 12, 13, and 14 respectively for these isotopes of carbon d. The core charge can never change for any element, since the number of protons and number of core electrons are constant for any element