Which of the following statements are true? (This is a multi- select question, select all that apply). Carbohydrates serve mainly for short-term energy storage; TAGS serve mainly for long-term energy storage. Both carbohydrates and TAGS serve other important roles, such as in molecular recognition. Both carbohydrates and TAGS serve important roles as second messengers. Carbohydrates can be used to produce ATP much more quickly than TAGs can. TAGS are a much more efficient way to store energy (you can get more ATP on a

The amino acid sequence (primary structure) and 3D shape (tertiary structure) of the rhodopsin has been determined and the various protein domains have also been identified with precision (see figures below). The red arrow indicates the amino acid lysin (K) that binds to the oxygen of the retinol (indicated by the blue arrow). The purple arrow indicates the retinal bound to the rhodopsin. In healthy individuals, retinal is abundant and can binds to the rhodopsin, making it functional (light-sensitive). H3C CH3 CH3 CH3 cytoplasmic side Retinal C-I extracellular side 0000 MOO OOO 400 DERY 000 PONE ALMO VOO LGF LLOD VUEL CH3 HOO AD SLV GO04 FAV OCK 000 LOO GOF YO DOAA TOTO ⓇAD MOWE OV00 OPL ALA LEGE DOOD VOOO COP DES 000 600 GCO OV FOOD Rhodopsin (primary structure) C-II E-II COOH-terminal C-III RIVE OOM DOWO LWCO 40 DOVO FOX ON DO 000 D04 boooooo 000 000 100,00 ****** E-III NH₂-terminal Rhodopsin + retinal (tertiary structure) 6. This lysine (K) is in a transmembrane domain of rhodopsin…

Amoeboid cells that migrate through our tissues, such as the class of white blood cells known as neutrophils, often do so in a directed manner, triggered, for instance, by chemical signals released by pathogens such as bacteria. Directed migration in response to a chemical stimulus is known as chemotaxis. Part of an efficient chemotactic response is the ability of cells to polarize. As is the case with our structurally-polar polymers like F-actin or microtubules, polarization here refers to an asymmetry in the cells, rather than an electrical charge. In this case, it involves one part of the cell becoming the “front” (or leading edge) and another the rear. In a well-polarized, migrating cell, it’s been observed that an active form of Rac (which, in turn, can activate ARP 2/3) is concentrated towards the front of the cell, whereas an active form of Rho (which, in turn, can activate formin, inhibit ADP, and activate myosin II) is found toward the rear of the cell. Based on your…

The biomolecular interaction between protein receptors and ligands is similar to that of en- zymes and substrates, which depends in part on the shape of the protein. The shape of a protein, in turn, depends on the presence of appropriate chemical bonds in the protein. Many common medications function by altering the interactions between protein receptors and ligands, thereby interfering with the normal response of a cell to specific signals. Which of the following best describes a mechanism by which a drug might interfere with a normal cellular response? A B A medication causes the cell to become more permeable and unable to maintain the conditions that allow a normal response. с A medication interrupts the electron transport chain in a cell and makes it unable to syn- thesize sufficient ATP. D A medication enters the nucleus of a cell and alters the nucleic sequence for a specific receptor protein. A medication enters a target cell and acts as an inhibitor to an intercellular protein…