Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
Polarity of a Molecule depends on the structure type and arrangement of its different atoms arround the central atom.
(1) BeBr2 -
Beryllium dibromide is a linear Molecule, with bond angle of 180° , thus dipole moment is in opposite directions , thus it is a non polar Molecule.
(2) CO2 -
Carbon dioxide is also a linear Molecule , with bond angle of 180° , thus it is also a non polar covalent Molecule.
(3) CF4 -
Carbon tetrafluoride is tetrahedral Molecule with bond angle of 109.5° , but due opposite directions of dipole ,it is a non polar Molecule.
(4) CH2OH -
Methanol has central atom of Carbon but due to presence of lone pair on oxygen atom , it is polar in nature.
(5) PF5 -
Phosphorus pentafluoride has Trigonal bipyramidal structure, with opposite directions of dipole moment, thus it is also a non polar covalent Molecule.
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