When the activated form of alcohol is used to synthesize glycerophospholipids, CDP-alcohol reacts with diacylglycerol to form glycerophospholipids. In this metabolic pathway, diacylglycerol is most likely produced by: a) Triacylglycerol lipase b) Phosphatidate phosphorylase c) Diacylglycerol lipase d) All of the above e) None of the above

Isozymes: d) One way of regulating metabolic pathways is through isozymes. What is an isozyme? e) Provide a concrete example of an isozyme from carbohydrate metabolism. f) From your chosen isozyme in part b), describe how it is regulated differently in various cells.

Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol yieldsa) Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphateb) Phosphatidylinositol 3, 5-biphosphatec) Phosphatidylinositol 3, 4-biphosphated) Phosphatidylinositol 5, 6-biphosphate

Pyruvate carboxylase a) What is the overall function of pyruvate carboxylase? b) Describe the role of each of the four domains in pyruvate carboxylase. c) How do the four domains work together to perform the function of pyruvate carboxylase?

An intermediate of the citric acid cycle that undergoes reductive amination with glutamine as nitrogen donor is a-ketoglutarate a) b) Glutamine c) NADPH d) H+

The effect of ATP on the allosteric enzyme PFK-1 is shown below. For a given concentration of fructose 6-phosphate, the PFK-1 activity increases with increasing concentrations of ATP, but a point is reached beyond which increasing the concentration of ATP inhibits the enzyme.     (a) Explain how ATP can be both a substrate and an inhibitor of PFK-1. How is the enzyme regulated by ATP?   (b) In what ways is glycolysis regulated by ATP levels?   (c) The inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP is diminished when the ADP concentration is high, as shown in the illustration. How can this observation be explained?   *A graph is included for this question*

The enzyme prenyl transferase is responsible for condensing isopentenyl pyrophosphate units during the second stage of cholesterol biogenesis. Which of the following intermediates could still form if prenyl transferase were inhibited? (A) farnesyl pyrophosphate(B) dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (C) squalene(D) geranyl pyrophosphate(E) lanosterol

How many ATP are produced from a triglyceride containing three 14 carbon fatty acids? NOTE: Assume that glycerol is converted to Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (step 6 of glycolysis).

Describe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as well

61. Degradation of glycogen in muscle fails to supply significant amounts of blood glucose because muscle lacks which of the following enzymes? A) Glucose-6-phosphatase B) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase C) Glycogen phosphorylase D) Phosphoglucomutase E) Phosphorylase kinase