When it comes to database architecture, is there anything more challenging than dealing with time-variant data? If so, how would you go about dealing with it?

What is the significance of data transparency in a distributed database system, and how does it affect the users and applications?

In a database system that supports a data warehouse, why is column-oriented storage possibly advantageous?

What kind of Big O time complexity does the database creation process fall into? It depends on the number of additions. How many times do surgeons do extractions during a typical procedure? Within the scope of a single piece of marketing collateral? From only one lookup?