When an actively metabolizing tissue produces CO2, the H+ concentration of blood increases. Explain how this happens using a chemical equation.
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- Individuals with cystic fibrosis produce thick mucus in the lungs, resulting in a higher-than-normal level of CO2 in the blood. What is the problem that results from higher-than-normal levels of COz in the blood? Please relate this to buffers in the blood and construct a clear problem statement.What happens to pCO2 levels as the disease (Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) progresses, and what would the teeter totter look like in this situation?CO2+ H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H++ HCO3−Write the reversible equation that shows the reaction of hemoglobin (Hb) with: A. Oxygen B. Carbon dioxide
- Blood in our body changes color as a function of its oxygenation state. Given the spectral data below, calculate the absorbance of red light (600 nm) of fully oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Using this data, determine what percentage of red light would go through a sample of blood that is 50% oxygenated. Assume the patient has a hemoglobin concentration of 10 mM and pathlength of 1 cm.Calculate the average ml of oxygen molecules in 100 ml blood in the athletes at low altitude and then in athletes in high altitude while training at high altitude. Use the following information: 1.39 ml of oxygen per gram of hemoglobin. Do athletes training at high altitudes have more or less oxygen molecules per ml of blood then athletes training at low altitudes? Explain why this difference gives athletes who train at high altitudes an advantage over athletes who train only at low altitudes.Given the following values, use the absorbance formula to find the hemoglobin concentration of the unknown. As =0.600Au =0.300Cs =20g/dl
- Which of the following are TRUE, when describing the Transport of CO2 in the body? Select ALL that are true. The diffusion of CO2, from metabolically active tissue, into the plasma and the Red Blood Cell, is enhanced by the formation of Carbamino Bonds with plasma proteins and Haemoglobin. CO2 diffuses from metabolically active tissue, into the plasma, where it is rapidly converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) by he enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase. Bicarbonate (HCO3-), formed in the Red Blood Cell, is transported into the Plasma by the Chloride-Bicarbonate Shuttle. Bicarbonate (HCO3-) diffuses from metabolically active tissue into the plasma, and from the plasma into the Red Blood Cell. CO2 diffuses from metabolically active tissue, into the plasma, and into the Red Blood Cell, where it is rapidly converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-) by he enzyme carbonic Anhydrase. O At the lung, Bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the Plasma is transformed to CO2 by the enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase, reducing the amount of…(a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?1) Construct a figure that shows how most molecules of CO2 gas is stored in the blood. 2) For each of the steps in your figure above: Describe what is happening in a sentence. 3) Answer the following in a brief sentece: Why does the body store CO2 this way instead of just transporting the gas dissolved in a liquid.
- Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for part a, b, and c Given: If the CO2 concentration decreases from 40 mmHg to 30 mmHg a. how much will the pH change? Given: If an unknown amount of CO2 is dissolved eventually leading to a pH of 8.4 b. What is final concentration of CO2? c. How would the body respond in each case? (Answer a, b, and c)The immediate administration of nitrite is a highly effective treatment for cyanide poisoning. What is the basis for the action of this antidote? (Hint: Nitrite oxidizes ferrohemoglobin to ferrihemoglobin.)In addition to O2 binding, changes in other chemical conditions can result in changes in hemoglobin structure and function. Increases in blood H+ result in oxygen binding curves for hemoglobin that are shifted to the right. The effect of H+ can be understood in terms of the equilibrium:H-Hb+ + O2 → Hb-O2 + H+How does the difference in pH in the lungs and tissues help hemoglobin do its job of delivering oxygen? Use the equilibrium equation in your argument.