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What types of experiments led to evidence regarding the
effect of oxytocin and vasopressin on mammalian behavior?
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- Given the importance of these ions in numerousaspects of animal biology, is it surprising that there is more than onehormone that regulates Na+ and K+ balance?The tetanus toxin tetanospasmin blocks release of the neurotransmitter (GABA) that inhibits motor neurons and decreases muscle contraction. This causes persistence of the signal to contract and the resulting violent muscle contraction known as tetanic spasm. Compare the sustained contraction of muscle cells in rigor mortis with muscle contraction caused by the action of tetanospasmin on motor neurons. Describe experiments using marker molecules that have been done to elucidate important properties of (1) tight junctions and (2) gap junctions, and propose one additional experiment you could do with each junction to gain a greater understanding of that junction's properties.The Bradykinin Hypothesis suggests that COVID-19 is primarily a kidney disease that can be alleviated by vitamin D a vascular disease that makes blood vessels leaky a cardiac disease that causes cardiac muscle slowdown a respiratory disease that dries out the lungs
- Relate the function of contractile vacuoles to the following experi-mental observations: to expel an amount of fluid equal in volume to its own volume required 4 to 53 minutes for some freshwater unicel-lular eukaryotes, and between 2 and 5 hours for some marine species.How could telemedicine be a part of PHM model?Here is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. (image 1) The same proteins have been identified in shark rectal gland, marine birds and reptiles (salt glands in nostrils), marine fishes (chloride cells in their gills) and mammals that transport salt in their kidneys. (image 2) When biologists were testing the mechanism of salt excretion in sharks, they used a chemical called ouabain to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase to see if there was an effect. Which result would you expect to see with ouabain treatment? A. A decrease in Cl- in the epithelial cells. B. An increase in ADP in the epithelial cells. C. An increase in K+ in the epithelial cells. D. A decrease in Na+ in the epithelial cells.
- Even organisms with very simplenervous systems have dozens ofdifferent K+ channels. Why is itimportant to have so many?Define The dynactin complex links dynein to cargo.Which of the following statements (s) about the ESA is not true? a) ENS can stimulate the release of hydrochloric acid b) Parasympathetic nerve pathways can stimulate ENS c) ENS operates through local control d) The neuron in the ENS cannot affect motility without being directly linked to the CNS e) ENS consists of sensory and motor neurons
- If osmoregulatory hypotonic fish species are generally bony fish and osmoregulatory hypertonic fish species are generally soft and absorbent. Does it mean the reason for them being soft or bony from an evolutionary standpoint gives reason to why they are formed that way? Basically what I'm trying to ask is whether they are hypotonic or hypertonic, does it have a correlation to why they are bony or muscular like in structure.Describe the importance of osmolarity in mammalian cellsThe fight-or-flight reaction prepares an animal to Pesponu Lu a threatening situation, by either fighting or running away. One aspect of this response is changes in blood flow such that the skeletal muscles and heart receive higher blood flow (vessels dilate) while digestive organs receive less (vessels constrict). A) Which signal molecule(s) is/are involved in this response, and how do they produce these changes in blood vessels? Briefly explain how this example illustrates how different cells are able to use the same ligands in different ways.